Journal ArticleA Low-Power Differential Temperature Sensor with Chopped Cascode Transistors and Switched-Capacitor IntegrationYang, Junyi; Gourousis, Thomas; Yan, Mengting; Ding, Ruyi; Mittal, Ankit; Zhang, Milin; Restuccia, Francesco; Shrivastava, Aatmesh; Fei, Yunsi; Onabajo, Marvin<p>Embedded differential temperature sensors can be utilized to monitor the power consumption of circuits, taking advantage of the inherent on-chip electrothermal coupling. Potential applications range from hardware security to linearity, gain/bandwidth calibration, defect-oriented testing, and compensation for circuit aging effects. This paper introduces the use of on-chip differential temperature sensors as part of a wireless Internet of Things system. A new low-power differential temperature sensor circuit with chopped cascode transistors and switched-capacitor integration is described. This design approach leverages chopper stabilization in combination with a switched-capacitor integrator that acts as a low-pass filter such that the circuit provides offset and low-frequency noise mitigation. Simulation results of the proposed differential temperature sensor in a 65 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process show a sensitivity of 33.18V/°C within a linear range of ±36.5m°C and an integrated output noise of 0.862mVrms (from 1 to 441.7 Hz) with an overall power consumption of 0.187mW. Considering a figure of merit that involves sensitivity, linear range, noise, and power, the new temperature sensor topology demonstrates a significant improvement compared to state-of-the-art differential temperature sensors for on-chip monitoring of power dissipation.</p>Electronics2025-06-0110630374Electronics141223812079-9292https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics141223812218845; 2146754; 2225368; 2229472National Science Foundation