Journal ArticleThe Impacts of Magnetogram Projection Effects on Solar Flare ForecastingGoodwin, Griffin T; Sadykov, Viacheslav M; Martens, Petrus C<title>Abstract</title> <p>This work explores the impacts of magnetogram projection effects on machine-learning-based solar flare forecasting models. Utilizing a methodology proposed by D. A. Falconer et al., we correct for projection effects present in Georgia State University’s Space Weather Analytics for Solar Flares benchmark data set. We then train and test a support vector machine classifier on the corrected and uncorrected data, comparing differences in performance. Additionally, we provide insight into several other methodologies that mitigate projection effects, such as stacking ensemble classifiers and active region location-informed models. Our analysis shows that data corrections slightly increase both the true-positive (correctly predicted flaring samples) and false-positive (nonflaring samples predicted as flaring) prediction rates, averaging a few percent. Similarly, changes in performance metrics are minimal for the stacking ensemble and location-based model. This suggests that a more complicated correction methodology may be needed to see improvements. It may also indicate inherent limitations when using magnetogram data for flare forecasting.</p>The Astrophysical Journal2025-03-1010635367The Astrophysical Journal98122000004-637Xhttps://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adb4f61936361National Science Foundation