Journal ArticleHuman Perception of AI Capabilities of Classifying Perturbed Roadway SignsGarcia, Katherine R [Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA] (ORCID:0000000194741907); Chen, Jing [Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA] (ORCID:0000000303940375); Xiao, Yanru [Computer Science Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA] (ORCID:0009000708427462); Mishler, Scott [Psychology Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA] (ORCID:0000000191041710); Wang, Cong [Department of Cyber Security Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA] (ORCID:0009000848183797); Hu, Bin [Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA] (ORCID:0000000195858269)Not AvailableIEEE2025-08-0110661795IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems554499 to 5072168-2291https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2025.35731732245055National Science Foundation