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  1. Free, publicly-accessible full text available June 24, 2025
  2. 2D native surface oxides formed on low melting temperature metals such as indium and gallium offer unique opportunities for fabricating high-performance flexible electronics and optoelectronics based on a new class of liquid metal printing (LMP). An inherent property of these Cabrera-Mott 2D oxides is their suboxide nature (e.g., In2O3−x), which leads high mobility LMP semiconductors to exhibit high electron concentrations (ne > 1019 cm−3) limiting electrostatic control. Binary alloying of the molten precursor can produce doped, ternary metal oxides such as In-X-O with enhanced electronic performance and greater bias-stress stability, though this approach demands a deeper understanding of the native oxides of alloys. This work presents an approach for hypoeutectic rapid LMP of crystalline InGaOx (IGO) at ultralow process temperatures (180 °C) beyond the state of the art to fabricate transistors with 10X steeper subthreshold slope and high mobility (≈18 cm2 Vs−1). Detailed characterization of IGO crystallinity, composition, and morphology, as well as measurements of its electronic density of states (DOS), show the impact of Ga-doping and reveal the limits of doping induced amorphization from hypoeutectic precursors. The ultralow process temperatures and compatibility with high-k Al2O3 dielectrics shown here indicate potential for 2D IGO to drive low-power flexible transparent electronics. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available July 25, 2025