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A cold atmospheric-pressure He-plasma jet (CAPPJ) interacts with air and water, producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), including biologically active ions, radicals, and molecules such as NOx, H2O2, HNO3, HNO2, and O3. These compounds can activate interfacial redox processes in biological tissues. The CAPPJ can oxidize N2 to HNO3 and water to H2O2 at the interface between plasma and water. It can also induce the oxidation of water-soluble redox compounds in various organisms and in vitro. This includes salicylic acid, hydroquinone, and mixtures of antioxidants such as L (+)-ascorbic acid sodium salt with NADPH. It can react with redox indicators, such as ferroin, in a three-phase system consisting of air, CAPPJ, and water. Without reducing agents in the water, the CAPPJ will oxidize the water and decrease the pH of the solution. When antioxidants such as ascorbate, 1,4-hydroquinone, or NADPH are present in the aqueous phase, the CAPPJ oxidizes these substances first and then oxidizes water to H2O2. The multielectron mechanisms of the redox reactions in the plasma-air/water interfacial area are discussed and analyzed. 

A<sc>bstract</sc> Euler hydrodynamics of perfect fluids can be viewed as an effective bosonic field theory. In cases when the underlying microscopic system involves Dirac fermions, the quantum anomalies should be properly described. In 1+1 dimensions the action formulation of hydrodynamics at zero temperature is reconsidered and shown to be equal to standard field-theory bosonization. Furthermore, it can be derived from a topological gauge theory in one extra dimension, which identifies the fluid variables through the anomaly inflow relations. Extending this framework to 3+1 dimensions yields an effective field theory/hydrodynamics model, capable of elucidating the mixed axial-vector and axial-gravitational anomalies of Dirac fermions. This formulation provides a platform for bosonization in higher dimensions. Moreover, the connection with 4+1 dimensional topological theories suggests some generalizations of fluid dynamics involving additional degrees of freedom. 

Encapsulation of liquid guest molecules in hydrogen-bonded frameworks permits analysis of their preferred conformations through single crystal X-ray diffraction. 

Abstract Under synchronized conidiation, over 2500 gene products show differential expression, including transcripts for bothbrlAandabaA, which increase steadily over time. In contrast, during wall-stress induced by the echinocandin micafungin, thebrlAtranscript is upregulated while theabaAtranscript is not. In addition, whenmpkA(last protein kinase in the cell wall integrity signaling pathway) is deleted,brlAexpression is not upregulated in response to wall stress. Together, these data imply BrlA may play a role in a cellular stress-response which is independent of the canonical BrlA-mediated conidiation pathway. To test this hypothesis, we performed a genome-wide search and found 332 genes with a putative BrlA response element (BRE) in their promoter region. From this set, we identified 28 genes which were differentially expressed in response to wall-stress, but not during synchronized conidiation. This set included seven gene products whose homologues are involved in transmembrane transport and 14 likely to be involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We selected six of these genes for further examination and find that they all show altered expression behavior in thebrlAdeletion strain. Together, these data support the idea that BrlA plays a role in various biological processes outside asexual development. ImportanceTheAspergillus nidulanstranscription factor BrlA is widely accepted as a master regulator of conidiation. Here, we show that in addition to this function BrlA appears to play a role in responding to cell-wall stress. We note that this has not been observed outsideA. nidulans. Further, BrlA-mediated conidiation is highly conserved acrossAspergillusspecies, so this new functionality is likely relevant in otherAspergilli. We identified several transmembrane transporters that have altered transcriptional responses to cell-wall stress in abrlAdeletion mutant. Based on our observation, together with what is known about thebrlAgene locus’ regulation, we identifybrlAβas the likely intermediary in function ofbrlAin the response to cell-wall stress. 

Cannabidiol (CBD) is viewed as a promising therapeutic agent against a variety of health ailments; however, its efficacy is limited by poor aqueous solubility. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can enhance the solubility of therapeutics by distributing them throughout a polymer matrix. In consideration of ASD formulations with CBD, we investigate the interactions of CBD with various polymers: poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/vinyl acetate (PVP/VA) copolymer, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Both the experiment and molecular dynamics simulation reveal diverse mixing behavior among the set of polymers. Detailed structural and nanoscale interaction analyses suggest that positive deviations from ideal mixing behavior arise from the formation of stable polymer–CBD hydrogen bonds, whereas negative deviations are associated with disruptions to the polymer–polymer hydrogen bond network. Polymer–water interaction analyses indicate the significance of polymer hydrophobicity that can lead to poor dissolution of CBD. These results have implications for drug dissolution rates based on how CBD and water interact with each polymer. Furthermore, these insights may be used to guide ASD formulations for CBD or other small-molecule therapeutic agents.