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Free, publicly-accessible full text available August 4, 2025
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Cheng, Zhuo; Apostolaki, Maria; Liu, Zaoxing; Sekar, Vyas (, Internet Society)
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Gong, Fengchen; Raghunathan, Divya; Gupta, Aarti; Apostolaki, Maria (, ACM)
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Kashaf, Aqsa; Dou, Jiachen; Belova, Margarita; Apostolaki, Maria; Agarwal, Yuvraj; Sekar, Vyas (, International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement)Third-party dependencies expose websites to shared risks and cascading failures. The dependencies impact African websites as well e.g., Afrihost outage in 2022 [15]. While the prevalence of third-party dependencies has been studied for globally popular websites, Africa is largely underrepresented in those studies. Hence, this work analyzes the prevalence of third-party infrastructure dependencies in Africa-centric websites from 4 African vantage points. We consider websites that fall into one of the four categories: Africa-visited (popular in Africa) Africa-hosted (sites hosted in Africa), Africa-dominant (sites targeted towards users in Africa), and Africa-operated (websites operated in Africa). Our key findings are: 1) 93% of the Africa-visited websites critically depend on a third-party DNS, CDN, or CA. In perspective, US-visited websites are up to 25% less critically dependent. 2) 97% of Africa-dominant, 96% of Africa-hosted, and 95% of Africa-operated websites are critically dependent on a third-party DNS, CDN, or CA provider. 3) The use of third-party services is concentrated where only 3 providers can affect 60% of the Africa-centric websites. Our findings have key implications for the present usage and recommendations for the future evolution of the Internet in Africa.more » « less