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Abstract We report the in-situ 3D reconstruction of through-going muons in the CUORE experiment, a cryogenic calorimeter array searching for neutrinoless double beta ($$0\nu \beta \beta $$ $0\nu \beta \beta$ ) decay, leveraging the segmentation of the detector. Due to the slow time response of the detector, time-of-flight estimation is not feasible. Therefore, the track reconstruction is performed using a multi-objective optimization algorithm that relies on geometrical information from the detector as a whole. We measure the integral flux of cosmic-ray muons underground at theLaboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, and find our value to be in good agreement with other experiments that have performed a similar measurement. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of 3D particle tracking and reconstruction of through-going muons with per-event angular determination in a millikelvin cryogenic detector array. The analysis performed for this work will be critical for validating the muon-related background in CUPID, a next-generation$$0\nu \beta \beta $$ $0\nu \beta \beta$ experiment, and for follow-up studies on detector response and on delayed products induced by cosmic-ray muons. 

Abstract CUPID is a next-generation bolometric experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ($$0\nu \beta \beta $$ $0\nu \beta \beta$ ) of¹⁰⁰Mo using Li$$_2$$ $_2^{}$ MoO$$_4$$ $_4^{}$ scintillating crystals. It will operate 1596 crystals at$$\sim $$ $\sim$ 10 mK in the CUORE cryostat at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. Each crystal will be facing two Ge-based bolometric light detectors for$$\alpha $$ $\alpha$ rejection. We compute the discovery and the exclusion sensitivity of CUPID to$$0\nu \beta \beta $$ $0\nu \beta \beta$ in a Frequentist and a Bayesian framework. This computation is done numerically based on pseudo-experiments. For the CUPIDbaselinescenario, with a background and an energy resolution of$$1.0 \times 10^{-4}$$ $1.0\times {10}^{-4}$ counts/keV/kg/yr and 5 keV FWHM at the Q-value, respectively, this results in a Bayesian exclusion sensitivity (90% c.i.) of$$\hat{T}_{1/2} > 1.6 \times 10^{27} \ \textrm{yr}$$ ${\hat{T}}_{1/2}>1.6\times {10}^{27}\text{yr}$ , corresponding to the effective Majorana neutrino mass of$$\hat{m}_{\beta \beta } < \ 9.6$$ ${\hat{m}}_{\beta \beta }<9.6$ –$$28 \ \textrm{meV}$$ $28\text{meV}$ . The Frequentist discovery sensitivity (3$$\sigma $$ $\sigma$ ) is$$\hat{T}_{1/2}= 1.0 \times 10^{27} \ \textrm{yr}$$ ${\hat{T}}_{1/2}=1.0\times {10}^{27}\text{yr}$ , corresponding to$$\hat{m}_{\beta \beta }= \ 12$$ ${\hat{m}}_{\beta \beta }=12$ –$$36 \ \textrm{meV}$$ $36\text{meV}$ . 

We present the analysis techniques developed to explore the keV-scale energy region of the Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) experiment, based on more than 2 metric ton yr of data collected over five years. By prioritizing a stricter selection over a larger exposure, we are able to optimize data selection for thresholds at 10 keV and 3 keV with 691 kg yr and 11 kg yr of data, respectively. We study how the performance varies among the 988-detector array with different detector characteristics and data-taking conditions. We achieve an average baseline resolution of $2.54\pm 0.14\mathrm{keV}$ FWHM and $1.18\pm 0.02\mathrm{keV}$ FWHM for the data selection at 10 keV and 3 keV, respectively. The analysis methods employed reduce the overall background by about an order of magnitude, reaching $2.06\pm 0.05\mathrm{counts}/\left(\mathrm{keV}\mathrm{kg}\mathrm{days}\right)$ and $16\pm 2\mathrm{counts}/\left(\mathrm{keV}\mathrm{kg}\mathrm{days}\right)$ at the thresholds of 10 keV and 3 keV. We evaluate for the first time the near-threshold reconstruction efficiencies of the CUORE experiment, and find these to be $50\pm 2\%$ and $26\pm 4\%$ at 10 keV and 3 keV, respectively. This analysis provides crucial insights into rare decay studies, new physics searches, and keV-scale background modeling with CUORE. We demonstrate that ton-scale cryogenic calorimeters can operate across a wide energy range, from keV to MeV, establishing their scalability as versatile detectors for rare event and dark matter physics. These findings also inform the optimization of future large mass cryogenic calorimeters to enhance the sensitivity to low-energy phenomena. 

Abstract Vibrations from experimental setups and the environment are a persistent source of noise for low-temperature calorimeters searching for rare events, including neutrinoless double beta (0νββ) decay or dark matter interactions. Such noise can significantly limit experimental sensitivity to the physics case under investigation. Here, we report the detection of marine microseismic vibrations using mK-scale calorimeters. This study employs a multi-device analysis correlating data from CUORE, the leading experiment in the search for 0νββdecay with mK-scale calorimeters, and the Copernicus Earth Observation program, revealing the seasonal impact of Mediterranean Sea activity on CUORE’s energy thresholds, resolution, and sensitivity over four years. The detection of marine microseisms underscores the need to address faint environmental noise in ultra-sensitive experiments. Understanding how such noise couples to the detector and developing mitigation strategies is essential for next-generation experiments. We demonstrate one such strategy: a noise decorrelation algorithm implemented in CUORE using auxiliary sensors, which reduces vibrational noise and improves detector performance. Enhancing sensitivity to 0νββdecay and to rare events with low-energy signatures requires identifying unresolved noise sources, advancing noise reduction methods, and improving vibration suppression systems, all of which inform the design of next-generation rare event experiments. 

Abstract Quantum Chromodynamics predicts a phase transition from hadronic matter to quark–gluon plasma (QGP) at high temperatures and energy densities, where quarks and gluons (partons) are no longer confined within hadrons. The QGP forms in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Anisotropic flow coefficients, quantifying the azimuthal expansion of produced matter, probe QGP properties. Flow measurements in high-energy heavy-ion collisions show a distinctive grouping of anisotropic flow for baryons and mesons at intermediate transverse momentum – a feature associated with flow imparted at the quark level, confirming QGP existence. The observation of QGP-like features in proton–proton and proton–ion collisions has sparked debate about QGP formation in smaller systems. For the first time, we demonstrate the distinctive grouping of anisotropic flow for baryons and mesons in high-multiplicity proton–lead and proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These results are described by a model including hydrodynamic flow followed by hadron formation via quark coalescence, consistent with the formation of partonic flowing systems in these collisions. 

Abstract CUPID, the CUORE Upgrade with Particle Identification, is a next-generation experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay ($$0\mathrm {\nu \beta \beta }$$ $0\nu \beta \beta$ ) and other rare events using enriched Li$$_{2}$$ $_2^{}$ $$^{100}$$ $_{}^{100}$ MoO$$_{4}$$ $_4^{}$ scintillating bolometers. It will be hosted by the CUORE cryostat located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. The main physics goal of CUPID is to search for$$0\mathrm {\nu \beta \beta }$$ $0\nu \beta \beta$ of$$^{100}$$ $_{}^{100}$ Mo with a discovery sensitivity covering the full neutrino mass regime in the inverted ordering scenario, as well as the portion of the normal ordering regime with lightest neutrino mass larger than 10 meV. With a conservative background index of 10$$^{-4}$$ $_{}^{-4}$  cts$$/($$ $/($ keV$$\cdot $$ $·$ kg$$\cdot $$ $·$ yr$$)$$ $)$ , 240 kg isotope mass, 5 keV FWHM energy resolution at 3 MeV and 10 live-years of data taking, CUPID will have a 90% C.L. half-life exclusion sensitivity of$$1.8\cdot 10^{27}$$ $1.8·{10}^{27}$  yr, corresponding to an effective Majorana neutrino mass ($$m_{\beta \beta }$$ $m_{\beta \beta }$ ) sensitivity of 9–15 meV, and a$$3\sigma $$ $3\sigma$ discovery sensitivity of$$1\cdot 10^{27}$$ $1·{10}^{27}$  yr, corresponding to an$$m_{\beta \beta }$$ $m_{\beta \beta }$ range of 12–21 meV. 

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a detector array comprised by 988 $5\mathrm{cm}\times 5\mathrm{cm}\times 5\mathrm{cm}$ ${\mathrm{TeO}}_2$ crystals held below 20 mK, primarily searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in ${}^{130}\mathrm{Te}$ . Unprecedented in size among cryogenic calorimetric experiments, CUORE provides a promising setting for the study of exotic throughgoing particles. Using the first tonne year of CUORE’s exposure, we perform a search for hypothesized (FCPs), which are well-motivated by various standard model extensions and would have suppressed interactions with matter. Across the searched range of charges $e/24-e/2$ no excess of FCP candidate tracks is observed over background, setting leading limits on the underground FCP flux with charges $e/24-e/5$ at 90% confidence level. Using the low background environment and segmented geometry of CUORE, we establish the sensitivity of tonne-scale subkelvin detectors to diverse signatures of new physics. Published by the American Physical Society2024 

A<sc>bstract</sc> The yields of prompt and non-prompt J/ψand the fraction of non-prompt J/ψare measured at midrapidity (|y| < 0.9) via the dielectron decay channel as a function of the midrapidity charged-particle multiplicity (|η| < 0.9) in pp collisions at$$\sqrt{s}=13$$TeV. The J/ψyields and the multiplicity are normalized by their average value in inelastic collisions. The multiplicity-dependent yield ratio between prompt J/ψand D⁰is reported. The multiplicity is further divided into three azimuthal regions with respect to the J/ψmomentum: toward the J/ψemission direction, transverse, or opposite to it. A stronger-than-linear increase of the self-normalized yields is observed for both prompt and non-prompt J/ψproduction, with similar trends. This behaviour is also observed in the toward region, while a weaker increase is observed in the transverse and away regions.