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Free, publicly-accessible full text available December 19, 2025
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Free, publicly-accessible full text available September 30, 2025
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Free, publicly-accessible full text available September 25, 2025
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Although Federated Learning (FL) enables global model training across clients without compromising their raw data, due to the unevenly distributed data among clients, existing Federated Averaging (FedAvg)-based methods suffer from the problem of low inference performance. Specifically, different data distributions among clients lead to various optimization directions of local models. Aggregating local models usually results in a low-generalized global model, which performs worse on most of the clients. To address the above issue, inspired by the observation from a geometric perspective that a well-generalized solution is located in a flat area rather than a sharp area, we propose a novel and heuristic FL paradigm named FedMR (Federated Model Recombination). The goal of FedMR is to guide the recombined models to be trained towards a flat area. Unlike conventional FedAvg-based methods, in FedMR, the cloud server recombines collected local models by shuffling each layer of them to generate multiple recombined models for local training on clients rather than an aggregated global model. Since the area of the flat area is larger than the sharp area, when local models are located in different areas, recombined models have a higher probability of locating in a flat area. When all recombined models are located in the same flat area, they are optimized towards the same direction. We theoretically analyze the convergence of model recombination. Experimental results show that, compared with state-of-the-art FL methods, FedMR can significantly improve the inference accuracy without exposing the privacy of each client.more » « lessFree, publicly-accessible full text available August 25, 2025
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Hypergraphs and tensors extend classic graph and matrix theories to account for multiway relationships, which are ubiquitous in engineering, biological, and social systems. While the Kronecker product is a potent tool for analyzing the coupling of systems in a graph or matrix context, its utility in studying multiway interactions, such as those represented by tensors and hypergraphs, remains elusive. In this article, we present a comprehensive exploration of algebraic, structural, and spectral properties of the tensor Kronecker product. We express Tucker and tensor train decompositions and various tensor eigenvalues in terms of the tensor Kronecker product. Additionally, we utilize the tensor Kronecker product to form Kronecker hypergraphs, which are tensor-based hypergraph products, and investigate the structure and stability of polynomial dynamics on Kronecker hypergraphs. Finally, we provide numerical examples to demonstrate the utility of the tensor Kronecker product in computing Z-eigenvalues, performing various tensor decompositions, and determining the stability of polynomial systems.more » « less
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Abstract We present JWST NIRCam imaging targeting 13z ~ 3 infrared-luminous (LIR ∼ 5 × 1012L⊙) galaxies from the ALESS survey with uniquely deep, high-resolution (0 08–0 16) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 870μm imaging. The 2.0–4.4μm (observed frame) NIRCam imaging reveals the rest-frame near-infrared stellar emission in these submillimeter-selected galaxies at the same (sub)kiloparsec resolution as the 870μm dust continuum. The newly revealed stellar morphologies show striking similarities with the dust continuum morphologies at 870μm, with the centers and position angles agreeing for most sources, clearly illustrating that the spatial offsets reported previously between the 870μm and Hubble Space Telescope morphologies were due to strong differential dust obscuration. The F444W sizes are 78% ± 21% larger than those measured at 870μm, in contrast to recent results from hydrodynamical simulations that predict larger 870μm sizes. We report evidence for significant dust obscuration in F444W for the highest-redshift sources, emphasizing the importance of longer-wavelength MIRI imaging. The majority of the sources show evidence that they are undergoing mergers/interactions, including tidal tails/plumes—some of which are also detected at 870μm. We find a clear correlation between NIRCam colors and 870μm surface brightness on ∼1 kpc scales, indicating that the galaxies are primarily red due to dust—not stellar age—and we show that the dust structure on ∼kpc scales is broadly similar to that in nearby galaxies. Finally, we find no strong stellar bars in the rest-frame near-infrared, suggesting the extended bar-like features seen at 870μm are highly obscured and/or gas-dominated structures that are likely early precursors to significant bulge growth.more » « lessFree, publicly-accessible full text available January 10, 2026