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ABSTRACT Polyhydroxyalkanoates are a diverse class of microbially synthesized polymers that are used to make bioplastics with a wide range of applications. As interest in polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) grows, researchers are faced with a challenge: how best to use the resources at their disposal to reliably quantify PHA produced by their microbe(s) of choice. Investigators must weigh the pros and cons of each method against logistical constraints (e.g., time, money, and equipment) and technical concerns (e.g., accuracy and sensitivity). At the same time, the broader community of scientists researching PHAs should aspire to land on a set of best practices. To this end, we must continually audit our methods. Here, we offer readers a snapshot of popular and emerging approaches for quantifying PHA in the lab. For each method, we provide an overview,list the primary equipment, briefly describe the methods, including improvements or iterations, and discuss the pros and cons of the approach. Along the way, we highlight gaps in research and make recommendations about best practices and future directions. 

Abstract Microbial biofilms are ubiquitous. In marine and freshwater ecosystems, microbe–mineral interactions sustain biogeochemical cycles, while biofilms found on plants and animals can range from pathogens to commensals. Moreover, biofouling and biocorrosion represent significant challenges to industry. Bioprocessing is an opportunity to take advantage of biofilms and harness their utility as a chassis for biocommodity production. Electrochemical bioreactors have numerous potential applications, including wastewater treatment and commodity production. The literature examining these applications has demonstrated that the cell–surface interface is vital to facilitating these processes. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the state of knowledge regarding biofilms’ role in bioprocessing. This mini-review discusses bacterial biofilm formation, cell–surface redox interactions, and the role of microbial electron transfer in bioprocesses. It also highlights some current goals and challenges with respect to microbe-mediated bioprocessing and future perspectives.