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  1. The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the European Strategy for Particle Physics. While the construction of the DUNE Phase I is well underway, this White Paper focuses on DUNE Phase II planning. DUNE Phase-II consists of a third and fourth far detector (FD) module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced 2.1 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a "Module of Opportunity", aimed at expanding the physics opportunities, in addition to supporting the core DUNE science program, with more advanced technologies. This document highlights the increased science opportunities offered by the DUNE Phase II near and far detectors, including long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, neutrino astrophysics, and physics beyond the standard model. It describes the DUNE Phase II near and far detector technologies and detector design concepts that are currently under consideration. A summary of key R&D goals and prototyping phases needed to realize the Phase II detector technical designs is also provided. DUNE's Phase II detectors, along with the increased beam power, will complete the full scope of DUNE, enabling a multi-decadal program of groundbreaking science with neutrinos. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available December 1, 2025
  2. We report on a search for a resonanceXdecaying to a pair of muons ine+eμ+μXevents in the0.2129.000GeV/c2mass range, using178fb1of data collected by the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider at a center of mass energy of 10.58 GeV. The analysis probes two different models ofXbeyond the standard model: aZvector boson in theLμLτmodel and a muonphilic scalar. We observe no evidence for a signal and set exclusion limits at the 90% confidence level on the products of cross section and branching fraction for these processes, ranging from 0.046 fb to 0.97 fb for theLμLτmodel and from 0.055 fb to 1.3 fb for the muonphilic scalar model. For masses below6GeV/c2, the corresponding constraints on the couplings of these processes to the standard model range from 0.0008 to 0.039 for theLμLτmodel and from 0.0018 to 0.040 for the muonphilic scalar model. These are the first constraints on the muonphilic scalar from a dedicated search.

    Published by the American Physical Society2024 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available June 1, 2025
  3. We measure the tau-to-light-lepton ratio of inclusiveB-meson branching fractionsR(Xτ/)B(BXτν)/B(BXν), whereindicates an electron or muon, and thereby test the universality of charged-current weak interactions. We select events that have one fully reconstructedBmeson and a charged lepton candidate from189fb1of electron-positron collision data collected with the Belle II detector. We findR(Xτ/)=0.228±0.016(stat)±0.036(syst), in agreement with standard-model expectations. This is the first direct measurement ofR(Xτ/).

    Published by the American Physical Society2024 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 1, 2025
  4. We report a measurement of decay-time-dependent charge-parity (CP) asymmetries inB0KS0KS0KS0decays. We use387×106BB¯pairs collected at theϒ(4S)resonance with the Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy electron-positron collider. We reconstruct 220 signal events and extract theCP-violating parametersSandCfrom a fit to the distribution of the decay-time difference between the twoBmesons. The resulting confidence region is consistent with previous measurements inB0KS0KS0KS0andB0(cc¯)K0decays and with predictions based on the standard model.

    Published by the American Physical Society2024 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available June 1, 2025
  5. We search for the rare decayB+K+νν¯in a362fb1sample of electron-positron collisions at theϒ(4S)resonance collected with the Belle II detector at the SuperKEKB collider. We use the inclusive properties of the accompanyingBmeson inϒ(4S)BB¯events to suppress background from other decays of the signalBcandidate and light-quark pair production. We validate the measurement with an auxiliary analysis based on a conventional hadronic reconstruction of the accompanyingBmeson. For background suppression, we exploit distinct signal features using machine learning methods tuned with simulated data. The signal-reconstruction efficiency and background suppression are validated through various control channels. The branching fraction is extracted in a maximum likelihood fit. Our inclusive and hadronic analyses yield consistent results for theB+K+νν¯branching fraction of[2.7±0.5(stat)±0.5(syst)]×105and[1.10.8+0.9(stat)0.5+0.8(syst)]×105, respectively. Combining the results, we determine the branching fraction of the decayB+K+νν¯to be[2.3±0.5(stat)0.4+0.5(syst)]×105, providing the first evidence for this decay at 3.5 standard deviations. The combined result is 2.7 standard deviations above the standard model expectation.

    Published by the American Physical Society2024 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available June 1, 2025
  6. ProtoDUNE Single-Phase (ProtoDUNE-SP) is a 770-ton liquid argon time projection chamber that operated in a hadron test beam at the CERN Neutrino Platform in 2018. We present a measurement of the total inelastic cross section of charged kaons on argon as a function of kaon energy using 6 and7GeV/cbeam momentum settings. The flux-weighted average of the extracted inelastic cross section at each beam momentum setting was measured to be380±26mbarnsfor the6GeV/csetting and379±35mbarnsfor the7GeV/csetting.

    Published by the American Physical Society2024 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available November 1, 2025
  7. A<sc>bstract</sc>

    We report results from a study ofB±→ DK±decays followed byDdecaying to theCP-even final stateK+Kand CP-odd final state$$ {K}_S^0{\pi}^0 $$KS0π0, whereDis an admixture ofD0and$$ {\overline{D}}^0 $$D¯0states. These decays are sensitive to the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity-triangle angleϕ3. The results are based on a combined analysis of the final data set of 772×106$$ B\overline{B} $$BB¯pairs collected by the Belle experiment and a data set of 198×106$$ B\overline{B} $$BB¯pairs collected by the Belle II experiment, both in electron-positron collisions at the Υ(4S) resonance. We measure the CP asymmetries to be$$ \mathcal{A} $$ACP+= (+12.5±5.8±1.4)% and$$ \mathcal{A} $$ACP−= (16.7±5.7±0.6)%, and the ratios of branching fractions to be$$ \mathcal{R} $$RCP+= 1.164±0.081±0.036 and$$ \mathcal{R} $$RCP−= 1.151±0.074±0.019. The first contribution to the uncertainties is statistical, and the second is systematic. The asymmetries$$ \mathcal{A} $$ACP+and$$ \mathcal{A} $$ACP−have similar magnitudes and opposite signs; their difference corresponds to 3.5 standard deviations. From these values we calculate 68.3% confidence intervals of (8.5°<ϕ3< 16.5°) or (84.5°<ϕ3< 95.5°) or (163.3°<ϕ3< 171.5°) and 0.321 <rB< 0.465.

     
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 1, 2025
  8. Abstract

    Computing demands for large scientific experiments, such as the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC, will increase dramatically in the next decades. To complement the future performance increases of software running on central processing units (CPUs), explorations of coprocessor usage in data processing hold great potential and interest. Coprocessors are a class of computer processors that supplement CPUs, often improving the execution of certain functions due to architectural design choices. We explore the approach of Services for Optimized Network Inference on Coprocessors (SONIC) and study the deployment of this as-a-service approach in large-scale data processing. In the studies, we take a data processing workflow of the CMS experiment and run the main workflow on CPUs, while offloading several machine learning (ML) inference tasks onto either remote or local coprocessors, specifically graphics processing units (GPUs). With experiments performed at Google Cloud, the Purdue Tier-2 computing center, and combinations of the two, we demonstrate the acceleration of these ML algorithms individually on coprocessors and the corresponding throughput improvement for the entire workflow. This approach can be easily generalized to different types of coprocessors and deployed on local CPUs without decreasing the throughput performance. We emphasize that the SONIC approach enables high coprocessor usage and enables the portability to run workflows on different types of coprocessors.

     
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available December 1, 2025
  9. A<sc>bstract</sc>

    A measurement is performed of Higgs bosons produced with high transverse momentum (pT) via vector boson or gluon fusion in proton-proton collisions. The result is based on a data set with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected in 2016–2018 with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb1. The decay of a high-pTHiggs boson to a boosted bottom quark-antiquark pair is selected using large-radius jets and employing jet substructure and heavy-flavor taggers based on machine learning techniques. Independent regions targeting the vector boson and gluon fusion mechanisms are defined based on the topology of two quark-initiated jets with large pseudorapidity separation. The signal strengths for both processes are extracted simultaneously by performing a maximum likelihood fit to data in the large-radius jet mass distribution. The observed signal strengths relative to the standard model expectation are$$ {4.9}_{-1.6}^{+1.9} $$4.91.6+1.9and$$ {1.6}_{-1.5}^{+1.7} $$1.61.5+1.7for the vector boson and gluon fusion mechanisms, respectively. A differential cross section measurement is also reported in the simplified template cross section framework.

     
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available December 1, 2025
  10. The Module-0 Demonstrator is a single-phase 600 kg liquid argon time projection chamber operated as a prototype for the DUNE liquid argon near detector. Based on the ArgonCube design concept, Module-0 features a novel 80k-channel pixelated charge readout and advanced high-coverage photon detection system. In this paper, we present an analysis of an eight-day data set consisting of 25 million cosmic ray events collected in the spring of 2021. We use this sample to demonstrate the imaging performance of the charge and light readout systems as well as the signal correlations between the two. We also report argon purity and detector uniformity measurements and provide comparisons to detector simulations. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available September 1, 2025