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Picophytoplankton are a ubiquitous component of marine plankton communities and are expected to be favored by global increases in seawater temperature and stratification associated with climate change. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic picophytoplankton have distinct ecology, and global models predict that the two groups will respond differently to future climate scenarios. At a nearshore observatory on the Northeast US Shelf, however, decades of year‐round monitoring have shown these two groups to be highly synchronized in their responses to environmental variability. To reconcile the differences between regional and global predictions for picophytoplankton dynamics, we here investigate the picophytoplankton community across the continental shelf gradient from the nearshore observatory to the continental slope. We analyze flow cytometry data from 22 research cruises, comparing the response of picoeukaryote andSynechococcuscommunities to environmental variability across time and space. We find that the mechanisms controlling picophytoplankton abundance differ across taxa, season, and distance from shore. Like the prokaryote,Synechococcus, picoeukaryote division rates are limited nearshore by low temperatures in winter and spring, and higher temperatures offshore lead to an earlier spring bloom. UnlikeSynechococcus, picoeukaryote concentration in summer decreases dramatically in offshore surface waters and exhibits deeper subsurface maxima. The offshore picoeukaryote community appears to be nutrient limited in the summer and subject to much greater loss rates thanSynechococcus. This work both produces and demonstrates the necessity of taxon‐ and site‐specific knowledge for accurately predicting the responses of picophytoplankton to ongoing environmental change.

 

Dissolved organic carbon and dissolved total nitrogen are measured from discrete bottle samples collected during CTD rosette casts on Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) transect cruises (ongoing since 2022). Sampling frequency is approximately seasonal. Sample collection is paired with particulate organic carbon at surface, subsurface chlorophyll max, and sometimes a third depth. Samples are filtered directly from the CTD rosette and acidified in the field, then analyzed using a Shimadzu TOC-LCPH total organic carbon analyzer coupled to a TNM-L analyzer for total nitrogen. Values are reported in micromoles per liter. 

These data include abundance and carbon concentration of the diatom Hemiaulus on the Northeast U.S. Shelf during 81 research cruises from 2013 to 2023 as part of Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER). Abundances are determined from Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) deployed in three different sampling schemes: underway mode (sampling near-surface seawater) on NOAA EcoMon, HAB Cyst, and AMAPPS broadscale survey cruises from 2013 to 2023; in underway mode (sampling near-surface seawater) on NES-LTER transect cruises from 2017 to 2023, and in discrete mode (CTD rosette discrete samples from depth) on NES-LTER transect cruises. Results are based on machine learning image classification, with one data table provided per sampling scheme (broadscale underway, transect underway, and transect discrete). Hemiaulus data are provided in abundance per milliliter and micrograms of carbon per liter. 

These data represent the abundance, biovolume, and biomass of prokaryotic phytoplankton, eukaryotic pico- and nano- phytoplankton, and heterotrophic bacteria from discrete flow cytometry samples collected during the Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises, ongoing since 2018. Samples were collected and preserved from the water column at multiple depths using Niskin bottles on a CTD rosette system along the NES-LTER transect, and analyzed post cruise. Cells were identified and enumerated from the flow cytometry data files based on their scattering, SYBR (525 nm), phycoerythrin (575 nm) and chlorophyll (680 nm) fluorescence signals. Gating was completed manually in the Attune NXT software interface. 

Diatoms are a group of phytoplankton that contribute disproportionately to global primary production. Traditional paradigms that suggest diatoms are consumed primarily by larger zooplankton are challenged by sporadic parasitic “epidemics” within diatom populations. However, our understanding of diatom parasitism is limited by difficulties in quantifying these interactions. Here, we observe the dynamics of Cryothecomonas aestivalis (a protist) infection of an important diatom on the Northeast U.S. Shelf (NES), Guinardia delicatula , with a combination of automated imaging-in-flow cytometry and a convolutional neural network image classifier. Application of the classifier to >1 billion images from a nearshore time series and >20 survey cruises across the broader NES reveals the spatiotemporal gradients and temperature dependence of G. delicatula abundance and infection dynamics. Suppression of parasitoid infection at temperatures <4 °C drives annual cycles in both G. delicatula infection and abundance, with an annual maximum in infection observed in the fall-winter preceding an annual maximum in host abundance in the winter-spring. This annual cycle likely varies spatially across the NES in response to variable annual cycles in water temperature. We show that infection remains suppressed for ~2 mo following cold periods, possibly due to temperature-induced local extinctions of the C. aestivalis strain(s) that infect G. delicatula . These findings have implications for predicting impacts of a warming NES surface ocean on G. delicatula abundance and infection dynamics and demonstrate the potential of automated plankton imaging and classification to quantify phytoplankton parasitism in nature across unprecedented spatiotemporal scales. 

Particulate organic carbon and nitrogen are measured from discrete bottle samples collected during CTD-rosette casts on Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises (ongoing since 2017). Sampling frequency is approximately seasonal. Samples were filtered and collected on combusted glass fiber filters, pelletized using ultra clean tin disks, and combusted using a Flash EA1112 CHN analyzer to calculate concentrations of particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen in micromoles per liter. Values are also reported as concentrations in micrograms per liter and carbon to nitrogen molar ratio. 

These data represent the abundance, biovolume, and biomass of prokaryotic and eukaryotic picoplankton and nanoplankton sampled continuously underway during Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises, ongoing since 2018. Samples were obtained with an Attune NxT Flow Cytometer sampling at approximately 2-min intervals from the underway science seawater. Cells were identified and enumerated from the flow cytometry data files based on their scattering, phycoerythrin (575 nm) and chlorophyll (680 nm) fluorescence signals. 

This package provides a table of day cruises to the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory for Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER). Sampling frequency is approximately monthly, with NES-LTER sampling ongoing since 2017. Cruises involve collection of water column bottle samples, surface bucket samples, and zooplankton net tow samples, as well as ship provided data. The event number for each cruise is provided, along with date, vessel name, cruise identifier where applicable, link to data location (for CTD, ADCP, and other underway data), and checklist of six data types. 

These data include abundances of the diatom, Guinardia delicatula (= Rhizosolenia delicatula), on the Northeast U.S. Shelf from 2006 to 2022 as part of Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER). Abundances are determined from Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB) deployed in-situ at ~4m depth at the nearshore Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) from 2006 to 2022 and in underway mode (sampling near-surface seawater) on 24 NOAA EcoMon survey cruises from 2013 to 2022. Abundances based on both human and machine learning image classification are provided. Total G. delicatula abundances are divided into two categories based on whether G. delicatula exhibited current or recent infection by the protistan parasitoid, Cryothecomonas aestivalis. Four data tables are provided with abundance values separated by sampling scheme (time series or survey cruise) and image classification approach (human or machine learning). 

Size-fractionated chlorophyll a and phaeopigments are measured from discrete bottle samples collected during CTD-rosette casts on Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises (ongoing since 2017), as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass. Sampling frequency is approximately seasonal. Samples were processed by three lab groups using different methods. Size fractions in addition to whole seawater (>0.7 micron) include >5 , <10, >10, and >20 microns with some samples pre-filtered <200 microns. Pigments were analyzed using fluorometers in which fluorescence was measured versus a blank and a standard, and final concentrations were calculated in micrograms per liter (or mg per cubic meter). Some of the data are from cruises in collaboration with the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI).