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Discharge rates and water temperature of the primary inflow tributary into Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia, USA), also known as Tunnel Branch, were measured at a gauged weir on a 15-minute temporal resolution from May 2013 to December 2023. Falling Creek Reservoir is a drinking water supply reservoir owned and managed by the Western Virginia Water Authority (WVWA). The dataset consists of water temperatures and discharge rates calculated from a pressure transducer deployed by the WVWA in a rectangular weir (15 May 2013 - 06 June 2019) and in a v-notched weir (07 June 2019 - 31 December 2023) at the same site. From 07 June 2019 to 31 December 2023, water temperature and discharge data were also collected from a Virginia Tech-deployed (VT) pressure transducer installed in the same weir. NOTE this verison replaces edi.202.11, where there was an error in calculating the WVWA_Flow_cms from 18 April 2016 15:15:00 EST - 07 June 2019 00:00:00 EST. This is corrected in version edi.202.12. 

Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in aquatic carbon cycling and is a valuable metric of ecosystem functioning and water quality in freshwater ecosystems. Despite its importance for biogeochemical cycling and water quality, no near‐term iterative forecasts have previously been developed for freshwater DOM concentrations. To advance both our understanding of freshwater DOM dynamics and management, we developed 1–34 days‐ahead forecasts of fluorescent DOM (fDOM) in three drinking water reservoirs. These temperate reservoirs are co‐located in Virginia, USA and experience variable DOM dynamics (range: 5–27 QSU (quinine sulfate units)). We developed six different forecasting models to predict fDOM in each reservoir. Three models were time series models based on forecasted drivers (water temperature and meteorology) that were updated daily from high‐frequency fDOM sensors. The other forecast models included a neural network machine learning model and two baseline reference models (day‐of‐year mean and persistence). Altogether, our forecasts were able to capture observed dynamics over a year in all three reservoirs, with one time series model outperforming the baseline models across the full 34‐day forecast horizon. Aggregated across reservoirs and models over a year, forecast RMSE increased from 0.7 to 4.1 QSU over the 1–34 days‐ahead forecast horizon. Forecast skill varied substantially across seasons, with greatest accuracy in the spring and winter compared to the summer and fall across reservoirs. These forecasts can help improve our understanding of the predictability of DOM and inform management in freshwater ecosystems as carbon dynamics become more variable due to global change. 

This dataset consists of meteorological variables measured by a research-grade Campbell Scientific meteorological station deployed on the dam of Falling Creek Reservoir (37.3025, -79.83667). Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia, USA), is owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as a primary water source. The meteorological variables include photosynthetic active radiation, barometric pressure, ambient air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction, shortwave radiation, infrared radiation, and albedo. All variables were measured every 5 minutes from 2015-07-07 15:45:00 to 2015-07-13 11:28:00 (YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss) and every minute thereafter to the end of the dataset at 2023-12-31 23:59:00. We applied substantial quality assurance/quality control protocols to the raw observations, as described in the methods. 

Discrete depth profiles of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, specific conductance, and pH were collected with various handheld YSI water quality probes and discrete depth profiles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were collected with a LI-COR underwater light meter from 2013 to 2023 in five drinking water reservoirs in southwestern Virginia, USA. These reservoirs are: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, Virginia), Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Gatewood Reservoir (Pulaski, Virginia), and Spring Hollow Reservoir (Salem, Virginia). Beaverdam, Carvins Cove, Falling Creek, and Spring Hollow Reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia, and Gatewood Reservoir is a drinking water source for the Town of Pulaski, Virginia. All YSI and PAR depth profiles were collected on approximately 1-meter intervals. The data package consists of two datasets: 1) Secchi depth data; and 2) YSI and PAR profiles. The Secchi depths and YSI and PAR depth profiles were measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam and other in-reservoir transects. YSI measurements were also collected at a gauged weir on the primary inflow tributary, other inflows and outflows at Falling Creek, inflows and outflows at Beaverdam, and inflows at Carvins Cove. In 2021, YSI profiles were also collected from a littoral site in Beaverdam. Data were collected approximately fortnightly in the spring months (March - May), weekly in the summer and early autumn (June - September), and monthly in the late autumn and winter (October - February) in Falling Creek and Beaverdam Reservoirs; data coverage in the other three reservoirs varies among years. Note there are some YSI profiles and Secchi observations that were measured at night during overnight sampling. All of these observations have the correct time associated with them. There was a major revision of this dataset from version 11, which includes correcting times of observations, including negative ORP values, and adding observations from an outflow at Falling Creek Reservoir. 

Depth profiles of fluorescence-based phytoplankton biomass were sampled using a bbe Moldaenke FluoroProbe during 2014 to 2023 in five drinking water reservoirs in southwestern Virginia, USA. These reservoirs are: Beaverdam Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, Virginia), Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia), Gatewood Reservoir (Pulaski, Virginia), and Spring Hollow Reservoir (Salem, Virginia). Beaverdam, Carvins Cove, Falling Creek, and Spring Hollow Reservoirs are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as primary or secondary drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia, and Gatewood Reservoir is a drinking water source for the town of Pulaski, Virginia. The dataset consists of depth profiles of fluorescence-based phytoplankton biomass measured at the deepest site of each reservoir adjacent to the dam, except in Falling Creek Reservoir, where depth profiles were also taken at four upstream sites ranging from the riverine to the lacustrine zone during 2016-2019. Casts were taken approximately weekly from May-October and monthly from November-April. Casts were collected at Beaverdam and Falling Creek Reservoirs during all years (2014-2023); casts were collected at Carvins Cove Reservoir during 2014-2016 and 2018-2023; casts were collected at Spring Hollow Reservoir during 2014-2016 and 2019; and casts were collected at Gatewood Reservoir in 2015-2016. 

We monitored water quality in Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, Virginia, USA) with high-frequency (10-minute) sensors in 2020-2023. Carvins Cove Reservoir is owned and managed by the Western Virginia Water Authority as a primary drinking water source. This data package consists of datasets from two separate deployments. First, from July 2020 - August 2021, depth profiles of water temperature were measured on 1-meter intervals using HOBO temperature pendant loggers deployed from 0.1 m below the surface of the reservoir to 10 m depth, and also at 15 and 20 m depth. Additionally, water temperature was measured in the Sawmill Branch inflow at 0.5 m depth using HOBO temperature pendant loggers. Second, from 9 April 2021 - 31 December 2023, depth profiles of water temperature were measured on 1-meter intervals from 0.1 m below the surface of the reservoir to 11 m depth and additionally at 15 and 19 m. A YSI EXO2 sonde measured water temperature, conductivity, specific conductance, chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and fluorescent dissolved organic matter at ~1.5 m depth. A YSI EXO3 sonde measured water temperature, conductivity, specific conductance, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, and fluorescent dissolved organic matter at 9 m depth, which corresponds to the depth of a water outtake valve. The thermistors, EXO3 sonde, and pressure sensor were deployed at stationary, fixed elevations (referred to as positions) deployed off of the dam near the water outtake valves. Due to variable water levels in the reservoir, the depths of these sensors varied over time. In contrast, the EXO2 was deployed on a buoy from 2021-2022 and remained at 1.5 m depth as the water level fluctuated. However, in 2023, the buoy disappeared in a storm, after that the EOX2 was deployed at a stationary elevation as the water level fluctuated around the sensor. At the monitoring site, the reservoir is approximately 19 m deep (reservoir maximum depth is 23 m). 

Diffusive fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide were measured using an Ultraportable Greenhouse Gas Analyzer (UGGA) at the surface of Falling Creek Reservoir (FCR) and Beaverdam Reservoir (BVR; Vinton, Virginia, USA). FCR and BVR are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as drinking water sources for Roanoke, Virginia. The dataset consists of calculated diffusive fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide measured at the deepest site of the reservoir adjacent to the dam (2018–2023) and additional reservoir upstream sites in FCR (2018) and BVR (2022). Measurements were collected approximately fortnightly in FCR throughout the summer stratified periods of 2018–2021 and 2023, while measurements from BVR were only taken in 2018, 2022, and 2023. 

This dataset consists of variables measured by a research-grade Campbell Scientific meteorological station deployed on the dam of Carvins Cove Reservoir. Carvins Cove Reservoir (Roanoke, Virginia, USA, 37.36944, -79.95778), is owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority as a primary water source. The meteorological variables include photosynthetic active radiation, barometric pressure, ambient air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction, shortwave radiation, infrared radiation, and albedo. All variables were measured every minute from 2021-03-29 19:00:00 (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS) to the end of the dataset at 2023-12-31 23:59:00. We applied quality assurance/quality control protocols to the raw observations, as described in the methods. 

We monitored water quality in Falling Creek Reservoir (Vinton, Virginia, USA, 37.30325 -79.8373) with high-frequency (10-minute) sensors in 2018-2023. All variables were measured at the deepest site of the reservoir adjacent to the dam. Falling Creek Reservoir is owned and managed by the Western Virginia Water Authority as a primary drinking water source for Roanoke, Virginia. This data product consists of one dataset compiled of depth profiles of water temperature on 1-m intervals from 0.1 to 9 m depth; dissolved oxygen at 5 m and 9 m depth; pressure at 9 m depth; and temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, specific conductance, chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, total dissolved solids, fluorescent dissolved organic matter, turbidity, and pressure at ~1.6 m depth.