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One of the main challenges facing the expansion of Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the minimum feature sizes which these processes are able to achieve. Microscale Selective Laser Sintering (μ-SLS) is a novel Additive Manufacturing process created to meet this limitation by precisely laser sintering nanoparticles to give a better control over feature sizes. With the development of this new process, there is a concurrent need for models, which can predict the material properties of the sintering nanoparticles. To this end, this paper presents a novel simulation created to predict the electrical resistivity of sintered copper nanoparticles. Understanding the electrical resistivity of nanoparticles under sintering is useful for quantifying the rate of sintering and has applications such as predicting how the nanoparticles will fuse together when subjected to laser irradiation. Such a prediction allows for in situ corrections to be made to the sintering process to account for heat spreading beyond the intended laser irradiation targets. For these applications, it is important to ensure that the predictions of electrical resistivity from the simulations are accurate. This validation must be done against experimental data and since such experimental data does not currently exist, this paper also presents electrical resistivity data for the laser sintering of copper nanoparticles. In summary, this paper details the simulation methodology for predicting electrical resistivity of laser-sintered copper nanoparticles as well as validation of these simulations using electrical resistivity data from original sintering experiments. The key findings of this work are that the simulations can be used to predict electrical resistivity measurements for sintering of actual copper nanoparticles when the copper nanoparticles do not include other materials such as polymer coatings.

 

One of the limitations of commercially available metal additive manufacturing (AM) processes is the minimum feature size most processes can achieve. A proposed solution to bridge this gap is microscale selective laser sintering (μ-SLS). The advent of this process creates a need for models which are able to predict the structural properties of sintered parts. While there are currently a number of good SLS models, the majority of these models predict sintering as a melting process which is accurate for microparticles. However, when particles tend to the nanoscale, sintering becomes a diffusion process dominated by grain boundary and surface diffusion between particles. As such, this paper presents an approach to model sintering by tracking the diffusion between nanoparticles on a bed scale. Phase field modeling (PFM) is used in this study to track the evolution of particles undergoing sintering. Changes in relative density are then calculated from the results of the PFM simulations. These results are compared to experimental data obtained from furnace heating done on dried copper nanoparticle inks, and the simulation constants are calibrated to match physical properties.