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  1. ; ; ; ; ; ( , Information sciences)
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    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available
  2. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( , Applied mathematics and computation)
    In this paper, we prove bounds for the unique, positive zero of O  G (z) := 1 −O G (z) , where O G ( z ) is the so-called orbit polynomial [1]. The orbit polynomial is based on the multiplic- ity and cardinalities of the vertex orbits of a graph. In [1] , we have shown that the unique, positive zero δ≤1 of O  G (z) can serve as a meaningful measure of graph symmetry. In this paper, we study special graph classes with a specified number of orbits and obtain bounds on the value of δ.
    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available
  3. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; et al ( , Journal of Instrumentation)
    Abstract The CMS Inner Tracker, made of silicon pixel modules, will be entirely replaced prior to the start of the High Luminosity LHC period. One of the crucial components of the new Inner Tracker system is the readout chip, being developed by the RD53 Collaboration, and in particular its analogue front-end, which receives the signal from the sensor and digitizes it. Three different analogue front-ends (Synchronous, Linear, and Differential) were designed and implemented in the RD53A demonstrator chip. A dedicated evaluation program was carried out to select the most suitable design to build a radiation tolerant pixel detector able tomore »sustain high particle rates with high efficiency and a small fraction of spurious pixel hits. The test results showed that all three analogue front-ends presented strong points, but also limitations. The Differential front-end demonstrated very low noise, but the threshold tuning became problematic after irradiation. Moreover, a saturation in the preamplifier feedback loop affected the return of the signal to baseline and thus increased the dead time. The Synchronous front-end showed very good timing performance, but also higher noise. For the Linear front-end all of the parameters were within specification, although this design had the largest time walk. This limitation was addressed and mitigated in an improved design. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three front-ends in the context of the CMS Inner Tracker operation requirements led to the selection of the improved design Linear front-end for integration in the final CMS readout chip.« less
    Free, publicly-accessible full text available December 1, 2022
  4. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; et al ( , Journal of Instrumentation)
    Abstract During the operation of the CMS experiment at the High-Luminosity LHC the silicon sensors of the Phase-2 Outer Tracker will be exposed to radiation levels that could potentially deteriorate their performance. Previous studies had determined that planar float zone silicon with n-doped strips on a p-doped substrate was preferred over p-doped strips on an n-doped substrate. The last step in evaluating the optimal design for the mass production of about 200 m 2 of silicon sensors was to compare sensors of baseline thickness (about 300 μm) to thinned sensors (about 240 μm), which promised several benefits at high radiationmore »levels because of the higher electric fields at the same bias voltage. This study provides a direct comparison of these two thicknesses in terms of sensor characteristics as well as charge collection and hit efficiency for fluences up to 1.5 × 10 15 n eq /cm 2 . The measurement results demonstrate that sensors with about 300 μm thickness will ensure excellent tracking performance even at the highest considered fluence levels expected for the Phase-2 Outer Tracker.« less
    Free, publicly-accessible full text available November 1, 2022
  5. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; et al ( , Journal of Instrumentation)
    Full Text Available