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Creators/Authors contains: "Giraldo, E"

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  1. Results of an innovative use of GAC for process intensification carbon efficient nutrient and micropollutant removal are presented. GAC is used as a reactive migrating carrier enabling SRT uncoupling and GAC bioregeneration furthering the use of migrating carriers for process intensification in existing wastewater treatment plants. Two model micropollutants were used, short and long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and one synthetic estrogen, 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2). Two sequencing batch reactors were operated in classical A2O mode, with one serving as a control (RC) and the other was supplemented with granular activated carbon, and was designated as reactive migrating carrier reactor (RAC). The nutrient removal efficacy in both RAC and RC was similar, with average ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) at 95.2 ± 4.8%, total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) at 76.4 ± 17.6%, phosphate (PO₄³⁻-P) at 89.7 ± 10.3%, and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) at 97.1 ± 1.4% achieved in both reactors. However, the removal efficiencies of long hanin PFAS compounds and the estrogen in the RAC was mush higher than in the RC reactor in which case, both physical sorption to biomass and potential biodegadation contributed to the fate of these micropollutants. The average EE2 removal efficiencies were 72 ± 9% in RAC, attributed to high localized EE2 concentrations, and 35.2 ± 13.9% in RC. A physical selective pressure of passing the waste sludge through a 500 micron sieve promoted significant granulation in both reactors, where the extent of granulation in the RAC reactor was higher than in the RC reactor. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available October 1, 2026