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The human sirtuins (SIRT1–SIRT7) are NAD+-dependent protein deacylases that orchestrate key cellular events such as metabolism, stress response, DNA repair, and aging. Accumulating evidence highlights their central role in women’s health. This review integrates recent insights into the roles of sirtuins across the female lifespan and their involvement in reproductive, metabolic, oncologic, and age-related disorders. Sirtuins regulate reproductive function, pregnancy outcomes, and hormone-dependent cancers. Their decline with aging contributes to menopausal and metabolic complications. Pharmacological interventions that enhance sirtuin activity, such as NAD+ precursors and SIRT1 activators, show promise in mitigating these conditions. Collectively, understanding the isoform- and tissue-specific roles of sirtuins provides a foundation for developing therapeutics to improve the lifespan and healthspan of women. 

Diabetes and its associated complications have increasingly become major challenges for global healthcare. The current therapeutic strategies involve insulin replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and small-molecule drugs for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite these advances, the complex nature of diabetes necessitates innovative clinical interventions for effective treatment and complication prevention. Accumulative evidence suggests that protein post-translational modifications (PTMs), including glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and SUMOylation, play important roles in diabetes and its pathological consequences. Therefore, the investigation of these PTMs not only sheds important light on the mechanistic regulation of diabetes but also opens new avenues for targeted therapies. Here, we offer a comprehensive overview of the role of several PTMs in diabetes, focusing on the most recent advances in understanding their functions and regulatory mechanisms. Additionally, we summarize the pharmacological interventions targeting PTMs that have advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of diabetes. Current challenges and future perspectives are also provided.