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Abstract Disease resistance in plants can be conferred by single genes of large effect or by multiple genes each conferring incomplete resistance. The latter case, termed quantitative resistance, may be difficult for pathogens to overcome through evolution due to the low selection pressures exerted by the actions of any single gene and, for some diseases, is the only identified source of genetic resistance. We evaluated quantitative resistance to 2 diseases of maize in a biparental mapping population as well as backcrosses to both parents. Quantitative trait locus analysis shows that the genetic architecture of resistance to these diseases is characterized by several modes of gene action including additivity as well as dominance, overdominance, and epistasis. Heterosis or hybrid vigor, the improved performance of a hybrid compared with its parents, can be caused by nonadditive gene action and is fundamental to the breeding of several crops including maize. In the backcross populations and a diverse set of maize hybrids, we find heterosis for resistance in many cases and that the degree of heterosis appears to be dependent on both hybrid genotype and disease. 

Abstract The pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe‐derived molecules known as microbe‐ or pathogen‐associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage‐associated molecular patterns. Membrane‐localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance. 

We report de novo genome assemblies, transcriptomes, annotations, and methylomes for the 26 inbreds that serve as the founders for the maize nested association mapping population. The number of pan-genes in these diverse genomes exceeds 103,000, with approximately a third found across all genotypes. The results demonstrate that the ancient tetraploid character of maize continues to degrade by fractionation to the present day. Excellent contiguity over repeat arrays and complete annotation of centromeres revealed additional variation in major cytological landmarks. We show that combining structural variation with single-nucleotide polymorphisms can improve the power of quantitative mapping studies. We also document variation at the level of DNA methylation and demonstrate that unmethylated regions are enriched for cis-regulatory elements that contribute to phenotypic variation.