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Ferrate is a promising, emerging water treatment technology. However, there has been limited research on the application of ferrate in a water reuse paradigm. Recent literature has shown that ferrate oxidation of target contaminants could be improved by “activation” with the addition of reductants or acid. This study examined the impact of sulfite-activated ferrate in laboratory water matrix and spiked municipal wastewater effluents with the goal of transforming organic contaminants of concern (e.g., 1,4-dioxane) and inactivating pathogenic organisms. Additionally, the formation of brominated disinfection byproducts by activated ferrate were examined and a proposed reaction pathway for byproduct formation is presented. In particular, the relative importance of reaction intermediates is discussed. This represents the first activated ferrate study to examine 1,4-dioxane transformation, disinfection, and brominated byproduct formation. Results presented show that the sub-stoichiometric ([Sulfite]:[Ferrate] = 0.5) activated ferrate treatment approach can oxidize recalcitrant contaminants by >50%, achieve >4-log inactivation of pathogens, and have relatively limited generation of brominated byproducts. However, stoichiometrically excessive ([Sulfite]:[Ferrate] = 4.0) activation showed decreased performance with decreased disinfection and increased risk of by-product formation. In general, our results indicate that sub-stoichiometric sulfite-activated ferrate seems a viable alternative technology for various modes of water reuse treatment. 

This study assessed the disinfection byproduct (DBP) risks of algal impacted surface waters and the effects of peracetic acid (PAA) pre-oxidation on DBP risks. Authentic samples from three eutrophic lakes were collected over a 13-week period during the algal bloom season. The formation of 11 DBPs (four trihalomethanes, four haloacetonitriles, two haloketones, and trichloronitromethane) in these samples was assessed under uniform formation conditions (UFC) approximating drinking water disinfection. Trihalomethanes formed in the greatest abundance (90–370 μg L −1 ), followed by haloacetonitriles (6.5–87 μg L −1 ), haloketones (0.4–11.4 μg L −1 ), and trichloronitromethane (0.3–9.7 μg L −1 ). Total chlorophyll, a common indicator of algal activity, was not found to correlate with DBP yields. On the other hand, the yields of trichloronitromethane and haloacetonitriles correlated with nitrite/nitrate concentrations and DON concentrations in the samples, respectively. PAA pre-oxidation reduced the formation of trihalomethanes in the subsequent UFC tests in 80% of the samples, but promoted the formation of haloacetonitriles and trichloronitromethane in 70% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Analyses of DOC, DON, SUVA, and fluorescence excitation–emission matrices suggest that PAA pre-oxidation can alter the DBP precursors of a sample through the release of high haloacetonitrile/trichloronitromethane-yielding organic matter from algal cells and the oxidative transformation of existing and newly released dissolved organic matter. The results of this study, obtained from authentic surface water samples, suggest that mixed organic matter dynamics is an important consideration for the DBP risks of algal-impacted waters.