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The reported “dissociation times” for the Br2 C (1Πu 1u) state by various measurement methods differ widely across the literature (30 to 340 fs). We consider this issue by investigating attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy at the Br M4,5 3d3/2,5/2 edges (66 to 80 eV), tracking core-to-valence (3d → 4p) and core-to-Rydberg (3d → ns, np, n ≥ 5) transitions from the molecular to atomic limit. The progress of dissociation can be ascertained by the buildup of the atomic absorption in time. Notably, the measured rise times of the 3d5/2, 3/2 → 4p transitions depend on the probed core level final state, 38 ± 1 and 20 ± 5 fs for 2D5/2 and 2D3/2 at 64.31 and 65.34 eV, respectively. Simulations by the nuclear time-dependent Schrödinger equation reproduce the rise-time difference of the 3d → 4p transitions, and the theory suggests several important factors. One is the transition dipole moments of each probe transition have different molecular and atomic values for 2D5/2 versus 2D3/2 that depend on the bond length. The other is the merger of multiple molecular absorptions into the same atomic absorption, creating multiple timescales even for a single probe transition. Unfortunately, the core-to-Rydberg absorptions did not allow accurate atomic Br buildup times to be extracted due to spectral overlaps with ground state bleaching, otherwise an even more comprehensive picture of the role of the probe state transition would be possible. This work shows that the measured probe signals accurately contain the dissociative wavepacket dynamics but also reveal how the specific probe transition affects the apparent progress toward dissociation with bond length. Such potential probe-transition-dependent effects need to be considered when interpreting measured signals and their timescales. 

The Nama Group (Kalahari Craton) is an archetypal stratigraphic record of the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. The upper Schwarzrand Subgroup preserves key biostratigraphic markers of this interval, including erniettomorphs, cloudinomorphs, and trace fossils, yet has a complex stratigraphic architecture due to deposition in a foreland basin. Here, we describe the stratigraphy of the upper Schwarzrand Subgroup of the Nama Basin, and collate sedimentologic, geochronologic, carbon isotope chemostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic data. We argue that strata previously identified as the Nomtsas Formation in the Witputs Subbasin are lithostratigraphically and tectonostratigraphically distinct from those in the type area (Farm Nomtsas) in the Zaris Subbasin. Therefore, we introduce the Swartkloofberg Formation as a new name for the terminal Schwarzrand Subgroup in the Witputs Subbasin. While carbonates of the underlying Urusis Formation were deposited within shallow marine environments, the Swartkloofberg Formation records a transition to dominantly siliciclastic deposition, mostly below fair-weather wave base, and with extensive evidence of slope instability. High-relief stromatolite reefs formed diachronously at different localities within both the Urusis and Swartkloofberg formations due to laterally variable accommodation space within the foreland basin. Strata of the Swartkloofberg Formation are interpreted as flysch deposits within an underfilled basin. We propose that the distinct deltaic peritidal and shoreface strata that—in some localities—were previously assigned to the upper Nomtsas Formation, are placed within the unconformably overlying molasse deposits of the Fish River Subgroup. These strata contain the stratigraphically lowest identified occurrences ofTreptichnus pedumwithin the Nama Group, and thus the base of the Cambrian Period. This stratigraphic revision solves several longstanding issues with regional correlation and revises the position of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary in the Witputs Subbasin. Accordingly, the Swartkloofberg Formation in the Witputs Subbasin (538.5–<537.6 Ma) is Ediacaran in age, as defined by biostratigraphy, supporting recent interpretations that the base of the Cambrian Period may be younger than 537.6 Ma. With increasingly refined age-stratigraphic models for the Nama Group, the upper Schwarzrand Subgroup provides a high-resolution record of the evolution of increasingly complex benthic invertebrate behaviors in the terminal Ediacaran lead-up to the classical Cambrian radiation of biomineralized invertebrate phyla. 

Abstract Primary production is fundamental to ecosystems, and in many extreme environments production is facilitated by microbial mats. Microbial mats are complex assemblages of photo- and heterotrophic microorganisms colonizing sediment and soil surfaces. These communities are the dominant producers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, where they occupy lentic and lotic environments as well as intermittently wet soils. While the influence of microbial mats on stream nutrient dynamics and lake organic matter cycling is well documented, the influence of microbial mats on underlying soil is less well understood, particularly the effects of microbial mat nitrogen and carbon fixation. Taylor Valley soils occur across variable levels of inorganic phosphorus availability, with the Ross Sea drift containing four times that of the Taylor drifts, providing opportunities to examine how soil geochemistry influences microbial mats and the ecological functions they regulate. We found that inorganic phosphorus availability is positively correlated with microbial mat biomass, pigment concentration and nitrogen fixation potential. Additionally, our results demonstrate that dense microbial mats influence the ecological functioning of underlying soils by enriching organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks (two times higher). This work contributes to ongoing questions regarding the sources of energy fuelling soil food webs and the regional carbon balance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. 

The formulation of Bayesian inverse problems involves choosing prior distributions; choices that seem equally reason-able may lead to significantly different conclusions. We develop a computational approach to understand the impact of the hyperparameters defining the prior on the posterior statistics of the quantities of interest. Our approach relies on global sensitivity analysis (GSA) of Bayesian inverse problems with respect to the prior hyperparameters. This, however, is a challenging problem-a naive double loop sampling approach would require running a prohibitive number of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling procedures. The present work takes a foundational step in making such a sensitivity analysis practical by combining efficient surrogate models and a tailored importance sampling approach. In particular, we can perform accurate GSA of posterior statistics of quantities of interest with respect to prior hyperparameters without the need to repeat MCMC runs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on a simple Bayesian linear inverse problem and a nonlinear inverse problem governed by an epidemiological model. 

Abstract As a companion work to [1], this article presents a series of simple formulae and explicit results that illustrate and highlight why classical variational phase-field models cannot possibly predict fracture nucleation in elastic brittle materials. The focus is on “tension-dominated” problems where all principal stresses are nonnegative, that is, problems taking place entirely within the first octant in the space of principal stresses.