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Triangulation by walking is a method that has been used to measure perceived distance, where observers walk a triangular path. This method has been used at action space distances of approximately 1.5 to 30 meters. In this work, a conceptual replication of these triangulation by walking methods are discussed and evaluated for use in measuring the perceived distance of an object seen through a window set into a wall. The motivation for this work is to use triangulation by walking to study how perceived distance operates when augmented reality (AR) is used to visualize objects located behind opaque surfaces, in an AR application termed “x-ray vision.” This paper reports on experiences replicating an implementation of triangulation by walking as reported by Fukusima, Da Silva, and Loomis (1997). Their method was conceptually replicated in both outdoor and indoor settings, and the method was further extended to measure perceived distances of objects seen through a wall. These extensions are discussed in some detail, focusing on the modifications to the triangulation by walking method as well as the ramifications of these changes. Problems arising from using triangular geometry in calculations of perceived target locations are also introduced, and an alternate method is proposed that works to diminish the problematic effects. 

An important research question in optical see-through (OST) augmented reality (AR) is, how accurately and precisely can a virtual object’s real world location be perceived? Previously, a method was developed to measure the perceived three-dimensional location of virtual objects in OST AR. In this research, a replication study is reported, which examined whether the perceived location of virtual objects are biased in the direction of the dominant eye. The successful replication analysis suggests that perceptual accuracy is not biased in the direction of the dominant eye. Compared to the previous study’s findings, overall perceptual accuracy increased, and precision was similar. 

Accurate and usable x-ray vision is a significant goal in augmented reality (AR) development. X-ray vision, or the ability to comprehend location and object information when it is presented through an opaque barrier, needs to successfully convey scene information to be a viable use case for AR. Further, this investigation should be performed in an ecologically valid context in order to best test x-ray vision. This research seeks to experimentally evaluate the perceived object location of stimuli presented with x-ray vision, as compared to real-world perceived object location through a window, at action space distances of 1.5 to 15 meters. 

For optical see-through augmented reality (AR), a new method for measuring the perceived three-dimensional location of virtual objects is presented, where participants verbally report a virtual object’s location relative to both a vertical and horizontal grid. The method is tested with a small (1.95 × 1.95 × 1.95 cm) virtual object at distances of 50 to 80 cm, viewed through a Microsoft HoloLens 1 st generation AR display. Two experiments examine two different virtual object designs, whether turning in a circle between reported object locations disrupts HoloLens tracking, and whether accuracy errors, including a rightward bias and underestimated depth, might be due to systematic errors that are restricted to a particular display. Turning in a circle did not disrupt HoloLens tracking, and testing with a second display did not suggest systematic errors restricted to a particular display. Instead, the experiments are consistent with the hypothesis that, when looking downwards at a horizontal plane, HoloLens 1 st generation displays exhibit a systematic rightward perceptual bias. Precision analysis suggests that the method could measure the perceived location of a virtual object within an accuracy of less than 1 mm. 

Usable x-ray vision has long been a goal in augmented reality research and development. X-ray vision, or the ability to view and understand information presented through an opaque barrier, would be imminently useful across a variety of domains. Unfortunately, however, the effect of x-ray vision on situation awareness, an operator's understanding of a task or environment, has not been significantly studied. This is an important question; if x-ray vision does not increase situation awareness, of what use is it? Thus, we have developed an x-ray vision system, in order to investigate situation awareness in the context of action space distances. 

For optical, see-through augmented reality (AR), a new method for measuring the perceived three-dimensional location of a small virtual object is presented, where participants verbally report the virtual object's location relative to both a horizontal and vertical grid. The method is tested with a Microsoft HoloLens AR display, and examines two different virtual object designs, whether turning in a circle between reported object locations disrupts HoloLens tracking, and whether accuracy errors found with a HoloLens display might be due to systematic errors that are restricted to that particular display. Turning in a circle did not disrupt HoloLens tracking, and a second HoloLens did not suggest systematic errors restricted to a specific display. The proposed method could measure the perceived location of a virtual object to a precision of ~1 mm.