Note: When clicking on a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number, you will be taken to an external site maintained by the publisher.
Some full text articles may not yet be available without a charge during the embargo (administrative interval).
What is a DOI Number?
Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.
-
Free, publicly-accessible full text available July 17, 2025
-
ABSTRACT: Enantiopure homoallylic boronate esters are versatile intermediates because the C–B bond in these com-pounds can be stereospecifically transformed into C–C, C–O and C–N bonds. Regio- and enantioselective synthesis of these precursors from 1,3-dienes has few precedents in the literature. We have identified reaction conditions and ligands for the synthesis of nearly enantiopure (er >97:3 to >99:1) homoallylic boronate esters via a rarely seen cobalt-catalyzed [4,3]-hydroboration of 1,3-dienes. Monosubstituted or 2,4-disubstituted linear dienes undergo highly efficient, regio- and enanti-oselective hydroboration with HBPin catalyzed by [(L*)Co]+[BARF]–, where L* is typically a chiral bis-phosphine ligand with a narrow bite angle. Several such ligands (examples: i-PrDuPhos, QuinoxP*, Duanphos and, BenzP*) that give high enantioselectivities for the [4,3]-hydroboration product have been identified. In addition, the equally challenging problem of regioselectivity is uniquely solved with a dibenzooxaphosphole ligand, (R,R)-MeO-BIBOP. A cationic cobalt(I) complex of this ligand is a very efficient (TON >960) catalyst, while providing excellent regioselectivities (rr >98:2) and enantioselectiv-ities (er >98:2) for a broad range of substrates. A detailed computational investigation of the reactions using Co-complexes from two widely different ligands (BenzP* and MeO-BIBOP) employing B3LYP-D3 density functional theory provides key insights into the mechanism and the origins of selectivities. The computational results are in full agreement with the exper-iments. For the complexes we have examined thus far, the relative stabilities of the diastereomeric diene-bound complexes [(L*)Co(4-diene)]+ leads to the initial diastereofacial selectivity, which in turn is retained in the subsequent steps, providing exceptional enantioselectivity for the reactions.more » « less
-
Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy, infrared pump–infrared probe spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations were used to study vibrational relaxation by ring and carbonyl stretching modes in a series of methylated xanthine derivatives in acetonitrile and deuterium oxide (heavy water). Isotropic signals from the excited symmetric and asymmetric carbonyl stretch modes decay biexponentially in both solvents. Coherent energy transfer between the symmetric and asymmetric carbonyl stretching modes gives rise to a quantum beat in the time-dependent anisotropy signals. The damping time of the coherent oscillation agrees with the fast decay component of the carbonyl bleach recovery signals, indicating that this time constant reflects intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) to other solute modes. Despite their similar frequencies, the excited ring modes decay monoexponentially with a time constant that matches the slow decay component of the carbonyl modes. The slow decay times, which are faster in heavy water than in acetonitrile, approximately match the ones observed in previous UV pump–IR probe measurements on the same compounds. The slow component is assigned to intermolecular energy transfer to solvent bath modes from low-frequency solute modes, which are populated by IVR and are anharmonically coupled to the carbonyl and ring stretch modes. 2D IR measurements indicate that the carbonyl stretching modes are weakly coupled to the delocalized ring modes, resulting in slow exchange that cannot explain the common solvent-dependence. IVR is suggested to occur at different rates for the carbonyl vs ring modes due to differences in mode-specific couplings and not to differences in the density of accessible states.
-
null (Ed.)ABSTRACT Two intermolecular hydroalkenylation reactions of 1,6-enynes are presented which yield substituted 5-membered carbo- and -heterocycles. This reactivity is enabled by a cationic bis-diphenylphosphinopropane (DPPP)CoI species which forms a cobaltacyclopentene intermediate by oxidative cyclization of the enyne. This key species interacts with alkenes in distinct fashion, depending on the identity of the coupling partner to give regiodivergent products. Simple alkenes undergo insertion reactions to furnish 1,3-dienes whereby one of the alkenes is tetrasubstituted. When acrylates are employed as coupling partners, the site of intermolecular C-C formation shifts from the alkyne to the alkene motif of the enyne, yield-ing Z-substituted-acrylate derivatives. Computational studies provide support for our experimental observations and show that the turnover-limiting steps in both reactions are the interactions of the alkenes with the cobaltacyclopentene intermediate via either a 1,2-insertion in the case of ethylene, or an unexpected b-C-H activation in the case of most acrylates. Thus, the H syn to the ester is activated through the coordination of the acrylate carbonyl to the cobaltacycle intermediate, which explains the uncommon Z-selectivity and regiodivergence. Variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) of the kinetic data reveals a dependance upon the concentration of cobalt, acrylate, and activator. A KIE of 2.1 was observed with methyl methacrylate in separate flask experiments, indicating that C-H cleavage is the turnover-limiting step in the catalytic cycle. Lastly, a Hammett study of aryl-substituted enynes yields a rho- value of -0.4, indicating that more electron-rich substituents accelerate the rate of the reaction.more » « less
-
Abstract Two limiting cases of molecular recognition, induced fit (IF) and conformational selection (CS), play a central role in allosteric regulation of natural systems. The IF paradigm states that a substrate “instructs” the host to change its shape after complexation, while CS asserts that a guest “selects” the optimal fit from an ensemble of preexisting host conformations. With no studies that quantitatively address the interplay of two limiting pathways in abiotic systems, we herein and for the first time describe the way by which twisted capsule
‐M 1 , encompassing two conformers ‐M 1 (+) and ‐M 1 (−), trap CX4(X=Cl, Br) to give CX4⊂ ‐M 1 (+) and CX4⊂ ‐M 1 (−), with all four states being in thermal equilibrium. With the assistance of 2D EXSY, we found that CBr4would, at its lower concentrations, bind ‐M 1 via a ‐M 1 (+)→ ‐M 1 (−)→CBr4⊂ ‐M 1 (−) pathway corresponding to conformational selection. For ‐M 1 complexing CCl4though, data from 2D EXSY measurements and 1D NMR line‐shape analysis suggested that lower CCl4concentrations would favor CS while the IF pathway prevailed at higher proportions of the guest. Since CS and IF are not mutually exclusive, we reason that our work sets the stage for characterizing the dynamics of a wide range of already existing hosts to broaden our fundamental understanding of their action. The objective is to master the way in which encapsulation takes place for designing novel and allosteric sequestering agents, catalysts and chemosensors akin to those found in nature. -
Abstract Two limiting cases of molecular recognition, induced fit (IF) and conformational selection (CS), play a central role in allosteric regulation of natural systems. The IF paradigm states that a substrate “instructs” the host to change its shape after complexation, while CS asserts that a guest “selects” the optimal fit from an ensemble of preexisting host conformations. With no studies that quantitatively address the interplay of two limiting pathways in abiotic systems, we herein and for the first time describe the way by which twisted capsule
‐M 1 , encompassing two conformers ‐M 1 (+) and ‐M 1 (−), trap CX4(X=Cl, Br) to give CX4⊂ ‐M 1 (+) and CX4⊂ ‐M 1 (−), with all four states being in thermal equilibrium. With the assistance of 2D EXSY, we found that CBr4would, at its lower concentrations, bind ‐M 1 via a ‐M 1 (+)→ ‐M 1 (−)→CBr4⊂ ‐M 1 (−) pathway corresponding to conformational selection. For ‐M 1 complexing CCl4though, data from 2D EXSY measurements and 1D NMR line‐shape analysis suggested that lower CCl4concentrations would favor CS while the IF pathway prevailed at higher proportions of the guest. Since CS and IF are not mutually exclusive, we reason that our work sets the stage for characterizing the dynamics of a wide range of already existing hosts to broaden our fundamental understanding of their action. The objective is to master the way in which encapsulation takes place for designing novel and allosteric sequestering agents, catalysts and chemosensors akin to those found in nature.