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ABSTRACT Diacylglycerol O‐acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is an integral membrane protein that uses acyl‐coenzyme A (acyl‐CoA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) to catalyze the formation of triacylglycerides (TAGs). The acyl transfer reaction occurs between the activated carboxylate group of the fatty acid and the free hydroxyl group on the glycerol backbone of DAG. However, how the two substrates enter DGAT1's catalytic reaction chamber and interact with DGAT1 remains elusive. This study aims to explore the structural basis of DGAT1's substrate recognition by investigating each substrate's pathway to the reaction chamber. Using a human DGAT1 cryo‐EM structure in complex with an oleoyl‐CoA substrate, we designed two different all‐atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation systems: DGAT1^away(both acyl‐CoA and DAG away from the reaction chamber) and DGAT1^bound(acyl‐CoA bound in and DAG away from the reaction chamber). Our DGAT1^awaysimulations reveal that acyl‐CoA approaches the reaction chamber via interactions with positively charged residues in transmembrane helix 7. DGAT1^boundsimulations show DAGs entering into the reaction chamber from the cytosol leaflet. The bound acyl‐CoA's fatty acid lines up with the headgroup of DAG, which appears to be competent to TAG formation. We then converted them into TAG and coenzyme (CoA) and used adaptive biasing force (ABF) simulations to explore the egress pathways of the products. We identify their escape routes, which are aligned with their respective entry pathways. Visualization of the substrate and product pathways and their interactions with DGAT1 is expected to guide future experimental design to better understand DGAT1 structure and function. 

Abstract The outer membrane is a key virulence determinant of gram‐negative bacteria. InYersinia pestis, the deadly agent that causes plague, the protein Ail and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)⁶enhance lethality by promoting resistance to human innate immunity and antibiotics, enabling bacteria to proliferate in the human host. Their functions are highly coordinated. Here we describe how they cooperate to promote pathogenesis. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we identify mutually constructive interactions between Ail and LPS that produce an extended conformation of Ail at the membrane surface, cause thickening and rigidification of the LPS membrane, and collectively promoteY. pestissurvival in human serum, antibiotic resistance, and cell envelope integrity. The results highlight the importance of the Ail–LPS assembly as an organized whole, rather than its individual components, and provide a handle for targetingY. pestispathogenesis.