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  1. ; ; ; ; ; ( , American Mineralogist)
    Garnet is an important mineral phase in the upper mantle as it is both a key component in bulk mantle rocks, and a primary phase at high-pressure within subducted basalt. Here, we focus on the strength of garnet and the texture that develops within garnet during accommodation of differential deformational strain. We use X-ray diffraction in a radial geometry to analyze texture development in situ in three garnet compositions under pressure at 300 K: a natural garnet (Prp60Alm37) to 30 GPa, and two synthetic majorite-bearing compositions (Prp59Maj41 and Prp42Maj58) to 44 GPa. All three garnets develop a modest (100) texturemore »at elevated pressure under axial compression. Elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent (EVPSC) modeling suggests that two slip systems are active in the three garnet compositions at all pressures studied: {110}<1-21 11> and {001}<110>. We determine a flow strength of ~5 GPa at pressures between 10 to 15 GPa for all three garnets; these values are higher than previously measured yield strengths measured on natural and majoritic garnets. Strengths calculated using the experimental lattice strain differ from the strength generated from those calculated using EVPSC. Prp67Alm33, Prp59Maj41 and Prp42Maj58 are of comparable strength to each other at room temperature, which indicates that majorite substitution does not greatly affect the strength of garnets. Additionally, all three garnets are of similar strength as lower mantle phases such as bridgmanite and ferropericlase, suggesting that garnet may not be notably stronger than the surrounding lower mantle/deep upper mantle phases at the base of the upper mantle.« less
    Free, publicly-accessible full text available July 1, 2022
  2. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; et al ( , Optics express)
    Photoacoustic laser streaming provides a versatile technique to manipulate liquids and their suspended objects with light. However, only gold was used in the initial demonstrations. In this work, we first demonstrate that laser streaming can be achieved with common non-plasmonic metals such as Fe and W by their ion implantations in transparent substrates. We then investigate the effects of ion dose, substrate material and thickness on the strength and duration of streaming. Finally, we vary laser pulse width, repetition rate and power to understand the observed threshold power for laser streaming. It is found that substrate thickness has a negligiblemore »effect on laser streaming down to 0.1 mm, glass and quartz produce much stronger streaming than sapphire because of their smaller thermal conductivity, while quartz exhibits the longest durability than glass and sapphire under the same laser intensity. Compared with Au, Fe and W with higher melting points show a longer lifetime although they require a higher laser intensity to achieve a similar speed of streaming. To generate a continuous laser streaming, the laser must have a minimum pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz and meet the minimum pulse width and energy to generate a transient vapor layer. This vapor layer enhances the generation of ultrasound waves, which are required for observable fluid jets. Principles of laser streaming and temperature simulation are used to explain these observations, and our study paves the way for further materials engineering and device design for strong and durable laser streaming.« less
    Free, publicly-accessible full text available July 1, 2022
  3. ; ; ( , Proceedings of Machine Learning Research)
    This work considers the sample and computational complexity of obtaining an $\epsilon$-optimal policy in a discounted Markov Decision Process (MDP), given only access to a generative model. In this model, the learner accesses the underlying transition model via a sampling oracle that provides a sample of the next state, when given any state-action pair as input. We are interested in a basic and unresolved question in model based planning: is this naïve “plug-in” approach — where we build the maximum likelihood estimate of the transition model in the MDP from observations and then find an optimal policy in this empiricalmore »MDP — non-asymptotically, minimax optimal? Our main result answers this question positively. With regards to computation, our result provides a simpler approach towards minimax optimal planning: in comparison to prior model-free results, we show that using \emph{any} high accuracy, black-box planning oracle in the empirical model suffices to obtain the minimax error rate. The key proof technique uses a leave-one-out analysis, in a novel “absorbing MDP” construction, to decouple the statistical dependency issues that arise in the analysis of model-based planning; this construction may be helpful more generally.« less
    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available
  4. ; ; ; ( , International Conference on Learning Representations)
    Modern deep learning methods provide effective means to learn good representations. However, is a good representation itself sufficient for sample efficient reinforcement learning? This question has largely been studied only with respect to (worst-case) approximation error, in the more classical approximate dynamic programming literature. With regards to the statistical viewpoint, this question is largely unexplored, and the extant body of literature mainly focuses on conditions which permit sample efficient reinforcement learning with little understanding of what are necessary conditions for efficient reinforcement learning. This work shows that, from the statistical viewpoint, the situation is far subtler than suggested by themore »more traditional approximation viewpoint, where the requirements on the representation that suffice for sample efficient RL are even more stringent. Our main results provide sharp thresholds for reinforcement learning methods, showing that there are hard limitations on what constitutes good function approximation (in terms of the dimensionality of the representation), where we focus on natural representational conditions relevant to value-based, model-based, and policy-based learning. These lower bounds highlight that having a good (value-based, model-based, or policy-based) representation in and of itself is insufficient for efficient reinforcement learning, unless the quality of this approximation passes certain hard thresholds. Furthermore, our lower bounds also imply exponential separations on the sample complexity between 1) value-based learning with perfect representation and value-based learning with a good-but-not-perfect representation, 2) value-based learning and policy-based learning, 3) policy-based learning and supervised learning and 4) reinforcement learning and imitation learning.« less
    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available
  5. ; ; ; ; ( , Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems)
    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available
  6. ; ; ; ; ; ( , Minerals)
    Multiphase materials are widely applied in engineering due to desirable mechanical properties and are of interest to geoscience as rocks are multiphase. High-pressure mechanical behavior is important for understanding the deep Earth where rocks deform at extreme pressure and temperature. In order to systematically study the underlying physics of multiphase deformation at high pressure, we perform diamond anvil cell deformation experiments on MgO + NaCl aggregates with varying phase proportions. Lattice strain and texture evolution are recorded using in-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction and are modeled using two-phase elasto-viscoplastic self-consistent (EVPSC) simulations to deduce stress, strain, and deformation mechanisms in individualmore »phases and the aggregate. Texture development of MgO and NaCl are affected by phase proportions. In NaCl, a (100) compression texture is observed when small amounts of MgO are present. In contrast, when deformed as a single phase or when large amounts of MgO are present, NaCl develops a (110) texture. Stress and strain evolution in MgO and NaCl also show different trends with varying phase proportions. Based on the results from this study, we construct a general scheme of stress evolution as a function of phase proportion for individual phases and the aggregate.« less
    Full Text Available 
  7. ; ; ( , 111th Illinois State Academy of Science Annual Meeting)
    A method using strong anion exchange solid phase extraction (SAX-SPE) followed by liquid chromatography ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) for the analysis of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) in equine plasma for doping control in horse racing has been developed. By using SAX-SPE, commonly regulated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF), i.e. PBZ, OPBZ, diclofenac, flunixin, ketoprofen, meclofenamic acid and naproxen, and an internal standard, i.e. tolfenamic acid, were first selectively extracted. Then, baseline separation of PBZ, OPBZ from other NSAIDs, internal standard, and residual components of equine plasma was achieved using LC-UV. Finally, PBZmore »and OPBZ in equine plasma were quantified after an internal calibration curve was created.« less
    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available
  8. ; ; ; ; ( , Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2019)
    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available
  9. ; ; ; ; ; ( , Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres)
    Full Text Available 
  10. ; ; ; ; ( , Proceedings of Machine Learning Research)
    Accepted Manuscript Full Text Available