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As science fields enter the Big Data revolution, open-access repositories are essential for addressing larger-scale questions than are possible for single researchers by making data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR). Furthermore, transparent data and code are increasingly important for reproducible research, especially for data types that inherently require subjective human interpretations. These ideas are applicable to coral sclerochronology, as the field has long been characterized by individual researchers collecting and analyzing coral skeletal cores from their study sites without substantial data sharing or archiving of the core images to meet FAIR principles. Here, we present CoralCache, a virtual coral core repository that not only archives image datasets (i.e., digitized X-rays and computed tomography scans), but also observer interpretations of the density banding patterns. CoralCache is linked to a graphical user interface, CoralCT, which together offer a way forward for coral growth rate analysis that is reproducible and collaborative. The data organization systems presented here could also be readily applied to related archives such as tree rings or bivalve shells. 

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 399 collected new cores from the Atlantis Massif (30°N; Mid-Atlantic Ridge), an oceanic core complex that hosts the Lost City hydrothermal field (LCHF). Studies of the Atlantis Massif and the LCHF have transformed our understanding of tectonic, magmatic, hydrothermal, and microbial processes at slow-spreading ridges. The Atlantis Massif was the site of four previous expeditions (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expeditions 304, 305, and 340T and IODP Expedition 357) and numerous dredging and submersible expeditions. The deepest IODP hole in young (<2 My) oceanic lithosphere, Hole U1309D, was drilled ~5 km north of the LCHF and reached 1415 meters below seafloor (mbsf) through a series of primitive gabbroic rocks. A series of 17 shallow (<16.4 mbsf) holes were also drilled at 9 sites across the south wall of the massif during Expedition 357, recovering heterogeneous rock types including hydrothermally altered peridotites, gabbroic, and basaltic rocks. The hydrologic regime differs between the two locations, with a low-permeability conductive regime in Hole U1309D and a high- (and possibly deep-reaching) permeability regime along the southern wall. Expedition 399 targeted Hole U1309D and the southern wall area to collect new data on ancient processes during deformation and alteration of detachment fault rocks. The recovered rocks and fluids are providing new insights into past and ongoing water-rock interactions, processes of mantle partial melting and gabbro emplacement, deformation over a range of temperatures, abiotic organic synthesis reactions, and the extent and diversity of life in the subseafloor in an actively serpentinizing system. We sampled fluids and measured temperature in Hole U1309D before deepening it to 1498 mbsf. The thermal structure was very similar to that measured during Expedition 340T, and lithologies were comparable to those found previously in Hole U1309D. A significant zone of cataclasis and alteration was found at 1451–1474 mbsf. A new Hole U1601C (proposed Site AMDH-02A) was drilled on the southern ridge close to Expedition 357 Hole M0069A, where both deformed and undeformed serpentinites had previously been recovered. Rapid drilling rates achieved a total depth of 1267.8 mbsf through predominantly ultramafic (68%) and gabbroic (32%) rocks, far surpassing the previous drilling record in a peridotite-dominated system of 201 m. Recovery was excellent overall (71%) but particularly high in peridotite-dominated sections where recovery regularly exceeded 90%. The recovery of sizable sections of largely intact material will provide robust constraints on the architecture and composition of the oceanic mantle lithosphere. The deepest portions of the newly drilled borehole may be beyond the known limits of life, providing the means to assess the role of biological activity across the transition from a biotic to an abiotic regime. Borehole fluids from both holes were collected using both the Kuster Flow-Through Sampler and the new Multi-Temperature Fluid Sampler. Wireline logging in Hole U1601C provided information on downhole density and resistivity, imaged structural features, and documented fracture orientations. A reentry system was installed in Hole U1601C, and both it and Hole U1309D were left open for future deep drilling, fluid sampling, and potential borehole observatories. 

Abstract When the scientific dataset evolves or is reused in workflows creating derived datasets, the integrity of the dataset with its metadata information, including provenance, needs to be securely preserved while providing assurances that they are not accidentally or maliciously altered during the process. Providing a secure method to efficiently share and verify the data as well as metadata is essential for the reuse of the scientific data. The National Science Foundation (NSF) funded Open Science Chain (OSC) utilizes consortium blockchain to provide a cyberinfrastructure solution to maintain integrity of the provenance metadata for published datasets and provides a way to perform independent verification of the dataset while promoting reuse and reproducibility. The NSF- and National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Neuroscience Gateway (NSG) provides a freely available web portal that allows neuroscience researchers to execute computational data analysis pipeline on high performance computing resources. Combined, the OSC and NSG platforms form an efficient, integrated framework to automatically and securely preserve and verify the integrity of the artifacts used in research workflows while using the NSG platform. This paper presents the results of the first study that integrates OSC–NSG frameworks to track the provenance of neurophysiological signal data analysis to study brain network dynamics using the Neuro-Integrative Connectivity tool, which is deployed in the NSG platform. Database URL: https://www.opensciencechain.org. 

We present the strongest experimental limits to date on the mixing angle, $\theta$ , with which a new scalar particle, $S$ , mixes with the Higgs field in the mass range $110\mathrm{MeV}<m_S<155\mathrm{MeV}$ . This result uses the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber to search for decays of these Higgs-portal scalar particles through the $S\to e^{+}{e}^{-}$ channel with the decays of kaons in the NuMI neutrino beam acting as the source of the scalar particles. The analysis uses an exposure of $2.01\times {10}^{21}$ protons on target of NuMI beam data including periods when the beam focusing system was configured to focus positively charged hadrons and separate periods when negatively charged hadrons were focused. The analysis searches for scalar particles produced from kaons decaying in flight in the beam’s decay volume and at rest in the target and absorber. At $m_S=125\mathrm{MeV}$ ( $m_S=150\mathrm{MeV}$ ) we set a limit of $\theta <3.19\times {10}^{-4}$ ( $\theta <2.79\times {10}^{-4}$ ) at the 95% confidence level. 

The short-baseline near detector (SBND), the near detector in the short-baseline neutrino program at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, is located just 110 m from the booster neutrino beam target. Thanks to this close proximity, relative to its $4\mathrm{m}\times 4\mathrm{m}$ front face, neutrinos enter SBND over a range of angles from 0° to approximately 1.6°, enabling the detector to sample variations in the neutrino flux as a function of the angle—a technique known as precision reaction-independent spectrum measurement (PRISM), referred to here as SBND-PRISM. In this paper, we show how muon- and electron-neutrino fluxes vary as a function of the neutrino beam axis angle and how this can be exploited to expand the physics potential of SBND. We make use of a model that predicts an angle-dependent electron-neutrino excess signal to illustrate this effect, such as ${\nu }_{\mu }\to {\nu }_e$ oscillations. We present how SBND-PRISM provides a method to add robustness against uncertainties in cross-section modeling and, more generally, uncertainties that do not depend on the spatial position of neutrino interaction inside the detector. The fluxes, along with their associated covariance matrices, are made publicly available with this publication. 

We present an inclusive search for anomalous production of single-photon events from neutrino interactions in the MicroBooNE experiment. The search and its signal definition are motivated by the previous observation of a low-energy excess of electromagnetic shower events from the MiniBooNE experiment. We use the Wire-Cell reconstruction framework to select a sample of inclusive single-photon final-state interactions with a final efficiency and purity of 7.0% and 40.2%, respectively. We leverage simultaneous measurements of sidebands of charged current ${\nu }_{\mu }$ interactions and neutral current interactions producing ${\pi }^0$ mesons to constrain signal and background predictions and reduce uncertainties. We perform a blind analysis using a dataset collected from February 2016 to July 2018, corresponding to an exposure of $6.34\times {10}^{20}$ protons on target from the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermilab. In the full signal region, we observe agreement between the data and the prediction, with a goodness-of-fit $p$ value of 0.11. We then isolate a subsample of these events containing no visible protons, and observe $93\pm 22\left(\mathrm{stat}\right)\pm 35\left(\mathrm{syst}\right)$ data events above prediction, corresponding to just above $2\sigma$ local significance, concentrated at shower energies below 600 MeV.