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Talc‐rich rocks are common in exhumed subduction zone terranes and may explain geophysical observations of the subduction zone interface, particularly beneath Guerrero, Mexico, where the Cocos plate subducts horizontally beneath North America and episodic tremor and slow slip (ETS) occurs. We present petrologic models exploring (a) the degree of silica metasomatism required to produce talc in serpentinized peridotites at the pressure‐temperature conditions of the plate interface beneath Guerrero and (b) the amount of silica‐bearing water produced by rocks from the subducting Cocos plate and the location of fluid pulses. We estimate the volumes of talc produced by the advection of silica‐rich fluids into serpentinized peridotites at the plate interface over the history of the flat‐slab system. In the ETS‐hosting region, serpentinites must achieve ∼43 wt. % SiO₂to stabilize talc, but minor additions of silica beyond this produce large volumes of talc. Our models of Cocos plate dehydration predict that water flux into the interface averages 3.9 × 10⁴ kg m⁻² Myr⁻¹but suggest that only where subducting basalts undergo major dehydration reactions will sufficient amounts of silica‐rich fluids be produced to drive significant metasomatism. We suggest that talc produced by advective transport of aqueous silica alone cannot account for geophysical interpretations of km‐thick zones of talc‐rich rocks beneath Guerrero, although silica‐bearing fluids that migrate along the plate interface may promote broader metasomatism. Regions of predicted talc production do, however, overlap with the spatial occurrence of ETS, consistent with models of slow slip based on the frictional deformation of metasomatic lithologies. 

Structural analyses combined with new U-Pb zircon and titanite geochronology show how two Early Cretaceous transpressional shear zones initiated and grew through a nearly complete section of continental arc crust during oblique convergence. Both shear zones reactivated Carboniferous faults that penetrated the upper mantle below Zealandia's Median Batholith but show opposite growth patterns and dissimilar relationships with respect to arc magmatism. The Grebe-Indecision Creek shear zone was magma-starved and first reactivated at ∼136 Ma as an oblique-reverse fault, along which an outboard batholith partially subducted beneath Gondwana. This system nucleated at or above ∼20 km depth and propagated downward at 2–3 mm yr−1, accumulating at least 35–45 km of horizontal (arc-normal) shortening by ∼124 Ma. In contrast, the magma-rich George Sound shear zone first reactivated in the lower crust (∼55 km depth) at ∼124 Ma and grew upward at ∼3 mm yr−1, reaching the upper crust by ∼110 Ma. In this latter system, magmatism influenced shear zone architecture and drove its growth while subduction and oblique convergence ended. As magma entered the roots of the system and began to solidify, deformation was driven out of the lower crust and into the middle crust where the system widened by a factor of three when fold-thrust belts formed on either side of a steep, central transpressional shear zone. This study illustrates how the reactivation of structural weaknesses localizes deformation at all depths in the lithosphere and shows how magma-deformation feedbacks influence shear zone connectivity and built a batholith from the bottom up. 

Abstract Episodic tremor and slow slip (ETS) downdip of the subduction seismogenic zone are poorly understood slip behaviors of the seismic cycle. Talc, a common metasomatic mineral at the subduction interface, is suggested to host slow slip but this hypothesis has not been tested in the rock record. We investigate actinolite microstructures from talc‐bearing and talc‐free rocks exhumed from the depths of modern ETS (Pimu'nga/Santa Catalina Island, California). Actinolite deformed by dissolution‐reprecipitation creep in the talc‐free rock and dislocation creep ± cataclasis in the talc‐bearing rock. This contrast results from stress amplification in the talc‐bearing rock produced by high strain rates in surrounding weak talc. We hypothesize that higher strain rates in the talc‐bearing sample represent episodic slow slip, while lower strain rates in the talc‐free sample represent intervening aseismic creep. This work highlights the need to consider fluid‐mediated chemical change in studies of subduction zone deformation and seismicity. 

Over 500 km2 of rock exposure in Fiordland, New Zealand records strain localization processes accompanying the formation of a steep, transpressional shear zone within the root of a Cretaceous continental magmatic arc. Here, we pair field observations with microstructural and petrographic analyses of the George Sound shear zone (GSSZ) to investigate how metamorphism and compositional variability influenced shear zone evolution in the lower continental crust. The northern portion of the 50 km-long GSSZ deforms a monzodioritic pluton where superposed mineral fabrics record a narrowing of the shear zone width over time. Early stage deformation was accommodated mostly by dynamic recrystallization of pyroxene and plagioclase, forming a steep zone of coarse, gneissic foliations over 10 km wide. Subsequent deformation created a 2 km-thick zone of mylonite containing fine-grained plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, and quartz. The latter three minerals formed during the hydration of older minerals, including igneous pyroxene. The change in mineralogy and grain size also produced thin (< 1 mm), weak layers that localized deformation in shear bands in the highest strain zones. The southern ~35 km of the GSSZ deforms a heterogeneous section of granite, diorite, and metasedimentary rock. In this area, the hydration of igneous assemblages also is pervasive but is not restricted to high-strain zones. Instead, the shear zone branches into four ≤1 km-wide strands that closely follow lithologic contacts. The thinnest branch occurs at the contact of a coarse-grained, dioritic pluton and a fine-grained granitic pluton. These patterns suggest that the factors that controlled strain localization in the GSSZ vary along its length. In the north, where its host rock is homogeneous, retrograde metamorphism helped localized strain into shear bands at the micro scale, mirroring a narrowing at the km scale. In the south, lithologic contacts created weak zones that appear to have superseded the effects of metamorphism, creating a series of thin, branching high-strain zones. These results suggest that the rheology of lower-crustal shear zones also varies significantly along their length and over time. Both of these factors can be used to generate improved models of continental deformation.