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Chemisorbed species can enhance the fluxional dynamics of nanostructured metal surfaces which has implications for applications such as catalysis. Scanning tunneling microscopy studies at room temperature reveal that the presence of adsorbed sulfur (S) greatly enhances the decay rate of 2D Au islands in the vicinity of extended step edges on Au(111). This enhancement is already significant at S coverages,θ_S, of a few hundredths of a monolayer (ML), and is most pronounced for 0.1–0.3 ML where the decay rate is increased by a factor of around 30. Forθ_Sclose to saturation at about 0.6 ML, sulfur induces pitting and reconstruction of the entire surface, and Au islands are stabilized. Enhanced coarsening at lowerθ_Sis attributed to the formation and diffusion across terraces of Au−S complexes, particularly AuS₂and Au₄S₄, with some lesser contribution from Au₃S₄. This picture is supported by density functional theory analysis of complex formation energies and diffusion barriers.