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Aqueous redox flow batteries could provide viable grid-scale electrochemical energy storage for renewable energy because of their high-power performance, scalability, and safe operation ( 1 , 2 ). Redox-active organic molecules serve as the energy storage materials ( 2 , 3 ), but only very few organic molecules, such as viologen ( 4 , 5 ) and anthraquinone molecules ( 6 ), have demonstrated promising energy storage performance ( 2 ). Efforts continue to develop other families of organic molecules for flow battery applications that would have dense charge capacities and be chemically robust. On page 836 of this issue,more »
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Insects possess specific immune responses to protect themselves from different types of pathogens. Activation of immune cascades can inflict significant developmental costs on the surviving host. To characterize infection kinetics in a surviving host that experiences baculovirus inoculation, it is crucial to determine the timing of immune responses. Here, we investigated time-dependent immune responses and developmental costs elicited by inoculations from each of two wild-type baculoviruses, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and Helicoverpa zea single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HzSNPV), in their common host H. zea. As H. zea is a semi-permissive host of AcMNPV and fully permissive to HzSNPV, we hypothesized theremore »
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How bio-membranes are self-organized to perform their functions remains a pivotal issue in biological and chemical science. Understanding the self-assembly principles of lipid-like molecules hence becomes crucial. Here we report the meso-structural evolution of amphiphilic sphere-rod conjugates (giant lipids), and study the roles of geometric parameters (head-tail ratio and cross-section area) during this course. As a prototype system, giant lipids resemble natural lipidic molecules by capturing their essential features including head-tail configuration, monodispersed molecular weight distribution and minor interpenetration of hydrophobic tails. We demonstrate the self-assembly behavior of two categories of giant lipids (I-shape and T-shape, a total of 8more »
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With the rapid development of social media, visual sentiment analysis from image or video has become a hot spot in visual understanding researches. In this work, we propose an effective approach using visual and textual fusion for sentiment analysis of short GIF videos with textual descriptions. We extract both sequence-level and frame-level visual features for each given GIF video. Next, we build a visual sentiment classifier by using the extracted features. We also define a mapping function, which converts the sentiment probability from the classifier to a sentiment score used in our fusion function. At the same time, for themore »
