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A comparison of machine learning and human performance in the real-time acoustic detection of dronesnull (Ed.)Usage of drones has increased substantially in both recreation and commercial applications and is projected to proliferate in the near future. As this demand rises, the threat they pose to both privacy and safety also increases. Delivering contraband and unauthorized surveillance are new risks that accompany the growth in this technology. Prisons and other commercial settings where venue managers are concerned about public safety need cost-effective detection solutions in light of their increasingly strained budgets. Hence, there arises a need to design a drone detection system that is low cost, easy to maintain, and without the need for expensive real-time human monitoring and supervision. To this end, this paper presents a low-cost drone detection system, which employs a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm, making use of acoustic features. The Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) derived from audio signatures are fed as features to the CNN, which then predicts the presence of a drone. We compare field test results with an earlier Support Vector Machine (SVM) detection algorithm. Using the CNN yielded a decrease in the false positives and an increase in the correct detection rate.Previous tests showed that the SVM was particularly susceptible to false alarms for lawn equipment and helicopters, which were significantly improved when using the CNN. Also,in order to determine how well such a system compared to human performance and also explore including the end-user in the detection loop, a human performance experiment was conducted.With a sample of 35 participants, the human classification accuracy was 92.47%. These preliminary results clearly indicate that humans are very good at identifying drone’s acoustic signatures from other sounds and can augment the CNN’s performance.more » « less
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MEMS resonators integrated with CMOS feedback networks have a potentially wide field of applications as oscillator circuits in communications and sensor systems. However, considerable advancements to this nascent technology are required to realize such a vision. We present a configurable CMOS chip which facilitates the development of MEMS-referenced oscillators, especially for timing and sensing applications in harsh environments. The chip has been designed in the OnSemi 3M2P 0.5 um process. It supports MEMS resonators with various frequencies (10–120 kHz), resonant modes, and impedance levels, thus allowing interfacing to a wide range of devices. This paper describes analysis, design, and simulation results.more » « less
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The ALICE Collaboration reports measurements of the semi-inclusive distribution of charged-particle jets recoiling from a high transverse momentum (high) charged hadron, inand central Pb-Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon collisionTeV. The large uncorrelated background in central Pb-Pb collisions is corrected using a data-driven statistical approach which enables precise measurement of recoil jet distributions over a broad range inand jet resolution parameter. Recoil jet yields are reported for, 0.4, and 0.5 in the rangeand, whereis the azimuthal angular separation between hadron trigger and recoil jet. The low-reach of the measurement explores unique phase space for studying jet quenching, the interaction of jets with the quark–gluon plasma generated in high-energy nuclear collisions. Comparison ofdistributions fromand central Pb-Pb collisions probes medium-induced jet energy loss and intra-jet broadening, while comparison of their acoplanarity distributions explores in-medium jet scattering and medium response. The measurements are compared to theoretical calculations incorporating jet quenching.
©2024 CERN, for the ALICE Collaboration 2024 CERN Free, publicly-accessible full text available July 1, 2025 -
The ALICE Collaboration reports the measurement of semi-inclusive distributions of charged-particle jets recoiling from a high transverse momentum (high) hadron trigger in proton-proton and central Pb-Pb collisions at. A data-driven statistical method is used to mitigate the large uncorrelated background in central Pb-Pb collisions. Recoil jet distributions are reported for jet resolution parameter, 0.4, and 0.5 in the rangeand trigger-recoil jet azimuthal separation. The measurements exhibit a marked medium-induced jet yield enhancement at lowand at large azimuthal deviation from. The enhancement is characterized by its dependence on, which has a slope that differs from zero by. Comparisons to model calculations incorporating different formulations of jet quenching are reported. These comparisons indicate that the observed yield enhancement arises from the response of the QGP medium to jet propagation.
© 2024 CERN, for the ALICE Collaboration 2024 CERN Free, publicly-accessible full text available July 1, 2025 -
Measurements of the-dependent flow vector fluctuations in Pb–Pb collisions atusing azimuthal correlations with the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider are presented. A four-particle correlation approach [ALICE Collaboration, ] is used to quantify the effects of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations separately. This paper extends previous studies to additional centrality intervals and provides measurements of the-dependent flow vector fluctuations atwith two-particle correlations. Significant-dependent fluctuations of theflow vector in Pb–Pb collisions are found across different centrality ranges, with the largest fluctuations of up tobeing present in the 5% most central collisions. In parallel, no evidence of significant-dependent fluctuations oforis found. Additionally, evidence of flow angle and magnitude fluctuations is observed with more thansignificance in central collisions. These observations incollisions indicate where the classical picture of hydrodynamic modeling with a common symmetry plane breaks down. This has implications for hard probes at high, which might be biased by-dependent flow angle fluctuations of at least 23% in central collisions. Given the presented results, existing theoretical models should be reexamined to improve our understanding of initial conditions, quark–gluon plasma properties, and the dynamic evolution of the created system.
©2024 CERN, for the ALICE Collaboration 2024 CERN Free, publicly-accessible full text available June 1, 2025 -
A bstract Results on the transverse spherocity dependence of light-flavor particle production (
π , K, p,ϕ , K*0, , Λ, Ξ) at midrapidity in high-multiplicity pp collisions at$$ {\textrm{K}}_{\textrm{S}}^0 $$ = 13 TeV were obtained with the ALICE apparatus. The transverse spherocity estimator$$ \sqrt{s} $$ categorizes events by their azimuthal topology. Utilizing narrow selections on$$ \left({S}_{\textrm{O}}^{p_{\textrm{T}}=1}\right) $$ , it is possible to contrast particle production in collisions dominated by many soft initial interactions with that observed in collisions dominated by one or more hard scatterings. Results are reported for two multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. The$$ {S}_{\textrm{O}}^{p_{\textrm{T}}=1} $$ estimator is found to effectively constrain the hardness of the events when the midrapidity (|$$ {S}_{\textrm{O}}^{p_{\textrm{T}}=1} $$ η | < 0.8) estimator is used.The production rates of strange particles are found to be slightly higher for soft isotropic topologies, and severely suppressed in hard jet-like topologies. These effects are more pronounced for hadrons with larger mass and strangeness content, and observed when the topological selection is done within a narrow multiplicity interval. This demonstrates that an important aspect of the universal scaling of strangeness enhancement with final-state multiplicity is that high-multiplicity collisions are dominated by soft, isotropic processes. On the contrary, strangeness production in events with jet-like processes is significantly reduced.
The results presented in this article are compared with several QCD-inspired Monte Carlo event generators. Models that incorporate a two-component phenomenology, either through mechanisms accounting for string density, or thermal production, are able to describe the observed strangeness enhancement as a function of
.$$ {S}_{\textrm{O}}^{p_{\textrm{T}}=1} $$ Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 1, 2025 -
A bstract The production yields of the Σ(1385)
± and Ξ(1530)0resonances are measured in pp collisions at = 13 TeV with ALICE. The measurements are performed as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity ⟨d$$ \sqrt{s} $$ N ch/ dη ⟩, which is related to the energy density produced in the collision. The results include transverse momentum (p T) distributions,p T-integrated yields, mean transverse momenta of Σ(1385)± and Ξ(1530)0, as well as ratios of thep T-integrated resonance yields relative to yields of other hadron species. The Σ(1385)± /π ± and Ξ(1530)0/π ± yield ratios are consistent with the trend of the enhancement of strangeness production from low to high multiplicity pp collisions, which was previously observed for strange and multi-strange baryons. The yield ratio between the measured resonances and the long-lived baryons with the same strangeness content exhibits a hint of a mild increasing trend at low multiplicity, despite too large uncertainties to exclude the flat behaviour. The results are compared with predictions from models such as EPOS-LHC and PYTHIA 8 with Rope shoving. The latter provides the best description of the multiplicity dependence of the Σ(1385)± and Ξ(1530)0production in pp collisions at = 13 TeV.$$ \sqrt{s} $$ Free, publicly-accessible full text available May 1, 2025