The isolation of
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Semrau, Jeremy D (Ed.)
Bradyrhizobium strain I71 expands the distribution of acetylene-consuming microbes to include a group of economically important microorganisms. Members ofBradyrhizobium are well studied for their abilities to improve plant health and increase crop yields by providing bioavailable nitrogen. -
A Gram-stain-negative, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium, designated SFB93T, was isolated from the intertidal sediments of South San Francisco Bay, located near Palo Alto, CA, USA. SFB93Twas capable of acetylenotrophic and diazotrophic growth, grew at 22–37 °C, pH 6.3–8.5 and in the presence of 10–45 g l−1NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that SFB93Trepresented a member of the genus
with highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities toSyntrophotalea DSM 3246T(96.6 %),Syntrophotalea acetylenica DSM 2380T(96.5 %), andSyntrophotalea carbinolica DSM 2394T(96.7 %). Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 3.22 Mbp and a DNA G+C content of 53.4 %. SFB93Thad low genome-wide average nucleotide identity (81–87.5 %) and <70 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization value with other members of the genusSyntrophotalea venetiana . The phylogenetic position of SFB93Twithin the familySyntrophotalea and as a novel member of the genusSyntrophotaleaceae was confirmed via phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated alignments of 92 bacterial core genes. On the basis of the results of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, a novel species,Syntrophotalea Syntrophotalea acetylenivorans sp. nov., is proposed, with SFB93T(=DSM 106009T=JCM 33327T=ATCC TSD-118T) as the type strain. -
Summary Arsenic is a toxin, ranking first on the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry and the Environmental Protection Agency Priority List of Hazardous Substances. Chronic exposure increases the risk of a broad range of human illnesses, most notably cancer; however, there is significant variability in arsenic‐induced disease among exposed individuals. Human genetics is a known component, but it alone cannot account for the large inter‐individual variability in the presentation of arsenicosis symptoms. Each part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) may be considered as a unique environment with characteristic pH, oxygen concentration, and microbiome. Given the well‐established arsenic redox transformation activities of microorganisms, it is reasonable to imagine how the GIT microbiome composition variability among individuals could play a significant role in determining the fate, mobility and toxicity of arsenic, whether inhaled or ingested. This is a relatively new field of research that would benefit from early dialogue aimed at summarizing what is known and identifying reasonable research targets and concepts. Herein, we strive to initiate this dialogue by reviewing known aspects of microbe–arsenic interactions and placing it in the context of potential for influencing host exposure and health risks. We finish by considering future experimental approaches that might be of value.