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π-Conjugated macrocycles behave differently from analogous linear chains because their electronic wavefunctions resemble a quantum particle on a ring, leading to aromaticity or anti-aromaticity. [18]Annulene, (CH)₁₈, is the archetypal non-benzenoid aromatic hydrocarbon. Molecules with circuits of 4n + 2 π electrons, such as [18]annulene (n = 4), are aromatic, with enhanced stability and diatropic ring currents (magnetic shielding inside the ring), whereas those with 4nπ electrons, such as the dianion of [18]annulene, are expected to be anti-aromatic and exhibit the opposite behaviour. Here we use¹H NMR spectroscopy to re-evaluate the structure of the [18]annulene dianion. We also show that it can be reduced further to an aromatic tetraanion, which has the same shape as the dianion. The crystal structure of the tetraanion lithium salt confirms its geometry and reveals a metallocene-like sandwich, with five Li⁺cations intercalated between two [18]annulene tetraanions. We also report a heteroleptic sandwich, with [18]annulene and corannulene tetraanion decks.

 

Anionic forms of a macrocyclic cyclophane were crystallized by treating the neutral hydrocarbon with alkali metals (Li, Na and K). The di-anions show decreased bond-length alternation, consistent with global aromaticity, whereas the anti-aromatic tetra-anion has a low-symmetry geometry.

 

Stepwise deprotonation of truxene with alkali metals affords truxenyl anions with different charges, exhibiting core curvature dependence on charge and metal binding. UV-vis and PL studies reveal charge-dependent optical properties, which is further supported by DFT calculations.

 

Chemical reduction of highly-twisted 9,10,11,20,21,22-hexaphenyltetrabenzo[a,c,l,n]pentacene (C74H46, 1) was investigated using Li and Cs metals as the reducing agents. The Cs-induced reduction of 1 in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether enabled the isolation of a solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) with a “naked” monoanion. Upon reduction with Li metal, a double reductive dehydrogenative annulation of 1 was observed to afford a new C74H422– dianion. The latter was shown to undergo a further reduction to C74H424– without additional core transformation. All products were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic methods. Subsequent in-depth theoretical analysis of one vs. two and four electron uptake by 1 provided insights into how the changes of geometry, aromaticity and charge facilitated the core transformation of twistacene observed upon two-fold reduction. These experimental and theoretical results pave the way to understanding of the reduction-induced core transformations of highly twisted and strained π-systems. 

A series of dibenzannulated phenyl-annulated [4,2] peri -acenoacenes have been synthesized in three straightforward steps from 4,10-dibromoanthanthrone (vat orange 3). The phenyl bisannulation of [4,2] peri -acenoacene provides extra stability by increasing the overall aromatic character of the molecules, and allows for a 45–80% increase of the molar extinction coefficient ( ε ) compared to their [5,2] peri -acenoacene isomers. Depending on the substituents attached to the π-conjugated core, some derivatives exhibit strong aggregation in the solid state with association constant ( K a ) up to 255 M −1 , resulting in a significant broadening of the absorption spectrum and a substantial decrease of the bandgap value (more than 0.3 V) from solution to the solid state. One [4,2] peri -acenoacene derivative was doubly reduced using cesium and the crystal structure of the resulting salt has been obtained. Field-effect transistors showing a temperature-dependent hole mobility have been tested.