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Cinder cones are a common feature at many volcanic eruptions. Their shapes and volumes can reveal information about eruption conditions, and their geomorphological evolution shapes them and their surrounding environment. It is thus important to quantify the rate and patterns of erosion of young cinder cones. In this study, we examine the Ahmanilix cone, which formed during the 2008 eruption of Okmok volcano in the Aleutian islands region of Alaska. Ahmanilix, located on the eastern side of Okmok’s large caldera, is >250 meters tall and characterized by dramatic gullies formed by the harsh wind, snow and rain conditions typical of the Aleutians. We usd photogrammetry to create 3D models of Ahmanilix using aerial photographic surveys taken from a helicopter in 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024. We utilize Agisoft Metashape to build point clouds, Cloud Compare to align the point clouds and build raster Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and QGIS and Python to visualize and analyze these products. By subtracting DEM rasters we quantify year-to-year erosion. We compare our results with erosion rates estimated from satellite observations (Dai et al., 2020), identify regions dominated by erosion or deposition and correlate them with slopes and cinder lithology. Our observations can be extended to other cinder cones and help predict their geomorphological evolution. 

Abstract The transition from planar to three-dimensional (3D) magnetic nanostructures represents a significant advancement in both fundamental research and practical applications, offering vast potential for next-generation technologies like ultrahigh-density storage, memory, logic, and neuromorphic computing. Despite being a relatively new field, the emergence of 3D nanomagnetism presents numerous opportunities for innovation, prompting the creation of a comprehensive roadmap by leading international researchers. This roadmap aims to facilitate collaboration and interdisciplinary dialogue to address challenges in materials science, physics, engineering, and computing. The roadmap comprises eighteen sections, roughly divided into three blocks. The first block explores the fundamentals of 3D nanomagnetism, focusing on recent trends in fabrication techniques and imaging methods crucial for understanding complex spin textures, curved surfaces, and small-scale interactions. Techniques such as two-photon lithography and focused electron beam-induced deposition enable the creation of intricate 3D architectures, while advanced imaging methods like electron holography and synchrotron x-ray tomography provide nanoscale spatial resolution for studying magnetization dynamics in three dimensions. Various 3D magnetic systems, including coupled multilayer systems, artificial spin-ice, magneto-plasmonic systems, topological spin textures, and molecular magnets are discussed. The second block introduces analytical and numerical methods for investigating 3D nanomagnetic structures and curvilinear systems, highlighting geometrically curved architectures, interconnected nanowire systems, and other complex geometries. Finite element methods are emphasized for capturing complex geometries, along with direct frequency domain solutions for addressing magnonic problems. The final block focuses on 3D magnonic crystals and networks, exploring their fundamental properties and potential applications in magnonic circuits, memory, and spintronics. Computational approaches using 3D nanomagnetic systems and complex topological textures in 3D spintronics are highlighted for their potential to enable faster and more energy-efficient computing.