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The eunicellane diterpenoids are a unique family of natural products seen in marine organisms, plants, and bacteria. We used a series of biochemical, bioinformatics, and theoretical experiments to investigate the mechanism of the first diterpene synthase known to form the eunicellane skeleton. Deuterium labeling studies and quantum chemical calculations support that Bnd4, fromStreptomycessp. (CL12‐4), forms the 6,10‐bicyclic skeleton through a 1,10‐cyclization, 1,3‐hydride shift, and 1,14‐cyclization cascade. Bnd4 also demonstrated sesquiterpene cyclase activity and the ability to prenylate small molecules. Bnd4 possesses a unique D⁹⁴NxxxD motif and mutation experiments confirmed an absolute requirement for D94 as well as E169.

The eunicellane diterpenoids are a unique family of natural products seen in marine organisms, plants, and bacteria. We used a series of biochemical, bioinformatics, and theoretical experiments to investigate the mechanism of the first diterpene synthase known to form the eunicellane skeleton. Deuterium labeling studies and quantum chemical calculations support that Bnd4, fromStreptomycessp. (CL12‐4), forms the 6,10‐bicyclic skeleton through a 1,10‐cyclization, 1,3‐hydride shift, and 1,14‐cyclization cascade. Bnd4 also demonstrated sesquiterpene cyclase activity and the ability to prenylate small molecules. Bnd4 possesses a unique D⁹⁴NxxxD motif and mutation experiments confirmed an absolute requirement for D94 as well as E169.

Over the last 25 years, biology has entered the genomic era and is becoming a science of ‘big data’. Most interpretations of genomic analyses rely on accurate functional annotations of the proteins encoded by more than 500 000 genomes sequenced to date. By different estimates, only half the predicted sequenced proteins carry an accurate functional annotation, and this percentage varies drastically between different organismal lineages. Such a large gap in knowledge hampers all aspects of biological enterprise and, thereby, is standing in the way of genomic biology reaching its full potential. A brainstorming meeting to address this issue funded by the National Science Foundation was held during 3–4 February 2022. Bringing together data scientists, biocurators, computational biologists and experimentalists within the same venue allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the current state of functional annotations of protein families. Further, major issues that were obstructing the field were identified and discussed, which ultimately allowed for the proposal of solutions on how to move forward.

Ein neues bicyclisches Diterpenoid, Benditerpensäure, wurde aus einem im Erdreich vorkommenden Streptomyceten‐Stamm (CL12‐4) isoliert. Wir sequenzierten das Bakteriengenom, identifizierten den verantwortlichen Biosynthesegencluster, verifizierten die Funktion der Terpensynthase und produzierten heterolog das Diterpenoid‐Grundgerüst. Vergleichende Bioinformatik zeigte, dass dieser Streptomyceten‐Stamm phylogenetisch einzigartig ist und neun Terpensynthasen besitzt. Die absoluten Konfigurationen der neuentrans‐fusionierten Bicyclo[8.4.0]tetradecane wurden durch umfangreiche spektroskopische Analysen erreicht, einschließlich Moshers Analyse, NMR‐basierter Kopplungsanalyse, sowie DFT Berechnungen auf Basis von experimentellen NMR Parametern. Interessanterweise liegt Benditerpensäure in Lösung in zwei Ringkonformationen vor. Die Rotationsbarriere beträgt ca. 16 kcal mol⁻¹. Die Diterpenoide zeigen mäßige antibakterielle Aktivität gegen Gram‐positive Bakterien, einschließlich Methicillin‐resistenten und multiresistentenStaphylococcus aureus. Hier präsentieren wir die erste Isolierung eines bakteriellen Eunicellan‐Diterpenoids und die Identifizierung der Diterpensynthase und des Biosynthesegenclusters, der für den Aufbau des bakteriellen Eunicellan‐Gerüsts verantwortlich ist.

A new bicyclic diterpenoid, benditerpenoic acid, was isolated from soil‐dwellingStreptomycessp. (CL12‐4). We sequenced the bacterial genome, identified the responsible biosynthetic gene cluster, verified the function of the terpene synthase, and heterologously produced the core diterpene. Comparative bioinformatics indicated thisStreptomycesstrain is phylogenetically unique and possesses nine terpene synthases. The absolute configurations of the newtrans‐fused bicyclo[8.4.0]tetradecanes were achieved by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including Mosher's analysis,J‐based coupling analysis, and computations based on sparse NMR‐derived experimental restraints. Interestingly, benditerpenoic acid exists in two distinct ring‐flipped bicyclic conformations with a rotational barrier of ≈16 kcal mol⁻¹in solution. The diterpenes exhibit moderate antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria including methicillin and multi‐drug resistantStaphylococcus aureus. This is a rare example of an eunicellane‐type diterpenoid from bacteria and the first identification of a diterpene synthase and biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the construction of the eunicellane scaffold.