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  1. The transport and deposition of firebrand particles is an important fire spread mechanism in wildland fires. These particles can be transported by wind over large distances and can ignite secondary fires upon landing. The transport of firebrands by wind is a complex, multiscale process that is largely controlled by interactions between the firebrand particles and the atmospheric wind. To account for the complex temporal evolution of atmospheric turbulence over large scales, the use of large-eddy simulation (LES) techniques is necessary. However, filtering of subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence in LES hinders the accuracy of particle transport models. In this work, we employ a Lagrangian SGS model in an LES framework to investigate the effects of small-scale turbulence on the transport of mass- and size-changing firebrand particles. The impact of SGS turbulence was analyzed by comparing landing and trajectory statistics for firebrand and regular (fixed size and mass) particles under different Stokes numbers. It was found that the presence of SGS turbulence modifies the particle transport behavior, which is characterized by smaller spanwise dispersions but larger travel distances along the streamwise direction compared with particles under no SGS turbulence. As expected, the enhanced velocity field produced by the SGS model has larger influence on the statistics of firebrand particles compared with regular particles due to the time-evolving reduction in particle mass and size induced by pyrolysis. 
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