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Predicting the temporal and spatial patterns of South Asian monsoon rainfall within a season is of critical importance due to its impact on agriculture, water availability, and flooding. The monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) is a robust northward-propagating mode that determines the active and break phases of the monsoon and much of the regional distribution of rainfall. However, dynamical atmospheric forecast models predict this mode poorly. Data-driven methods for MISO prediction have shown more skill, but only predict the portion of the rainfall corresponding to MISO rather than the full rainfall signal. Here, we combine state-of-the-art ensemble precipitation forecasts from a high-resolution atmospheric model with data-driven forecasts of MISO. The ensemble members of the detailed atmospheric model are projected onto a lower-dimensional subspace corresponding to the MISO dynamics and are then weighted according to their distance from the data-driven MISO forecast in this subspace. We thereby achieve improvements in rainfall forecasts over India, as well as the broader monsoon region, at 10- to 30-d lead times, an interval that is generally considered to be a predictability gap. The temporal correlation of rainfall forecasts is improved by up to 0.28 in this time range. Our results demonstrate the potential of leveraging the predictability of intraseasonal oscillations to improve extended-range forecasts; more generally, they point toward a future of combining dynamical and data-driven forecasts for Earth system prediction. 

The tools and techniques such as imaging and machine learning used in the measurement of many material and microstructural properties are rapidly evolving. In metals, the grain size is routinely measured to estimate the yield strength. This paper describes some of the algorithms used in processing the microstructures to conduct quantitative measurements. The image processing methods provide the possibility to go beyond calculating the ASTM grain size number and calculate the actual surface area of each grain, grain boundary length, and the shape of the grains. The image analysis methods can be very helpful in conducting detailed quantitative analysis with greater accuracy than many labour-intensive manual methods currently in use. The work describes the complexities in applying the imaging methods and approaches in the metallurgical and materials fields. Successful application of such methods can reduce the time and effort required to characterise microstructures and can provide more precise information. 

Nitrogen (N) transformation in soils is crucial in determining N availability for plant growth. Row crop producers have widely adopted cover crops across the U.S. However, there is limited knowledge about N transformations in commercial fields with and without cover crops. Furthermore, there is lack of understanding about the spatial variability of potential N mineralization in row crops and how it varies within a field and between cropping systems. An in-situ mineralization study was conducted in two Alabama row crop farms to evaluate the variability of potential N mineralization across locations and within a farm. The results revealed the variability in N mineralization within farms at both the locations. It was reported that a farm with cover crop and residue retention history had a mineralization rate of 1.18 to 3.89 lb/acre/day. In contrast, another farm with no cover crop had a mineralization potential of 0.93 to 1.17 lb/acre/day. These findings underscore the importance of cover crops and residue retention for enhancing N mineralization potential. 

The formation of isothermal ω phase precipitates and its influence on subsequent fine-scale α precipitation is investigated in a metastable β-titanium alloy, Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al. Atom-probe tomography and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal that the rejection of Al, a potent α stabilizer, from the growing isothermal ω precipitates at 330°C, aids in the formation of α precipitates. Additionally, the presence of α/ω and α/β interfaces conclusively establish that these α precipitates form at the β/ω interface. Interestingly, the local Al pile-up at this interface results in a substantially higher than equilibrium Al content within the α precipitates at the early stages of formation. This can be rationalized based on a novel three-phase β+ω+α metastable equilibrium at a lower annealing temperature (330°C, below the ω solvus). Subsequent annealing at a higher temperature (600°C, above the ω solvus), dissolves the ω precipitates and re-establishes the two-phase β+α equilibrium in concurrence with solution thermodynamic predictions. 

While a parent Hamiltonian for Laughlin wave function has been long known in terms of the Haldane pseudopotentials, no parent Hamiltonians are known for the lowest-Landau-level projected wave functions of the composite fermion theory at with . If one takes the two lowest Landau levels to be degenerate, the Trugman-Kivelson interaction produces the unprojected 2/5 wave function as the unique zero energy solution. If the lowest three Landau levels are assumed to be degenerate, the Trugman-Kivelson interaction produces a large number of zero energy states at Landau level filling of 3/7. We propose that adding an appropriately constructed three-body interaction yields the unprojected wave function as the unique zero energy solution, and report extensive exact diagonalization studies that provide strong support to this proposal. 

articles obeying non-Abelian braid statistics have been predicted to emerge in the fractional quantum Hall effect. In particular, a model Hamiltonian with short-range three-body interaction (V^3 Pf) between electrons confined to the lowest Landau level provides exact solutions for quasiholes, and thereby allows a proof of principle for the existence of quasiholes obeying non-Abelian braid statistics. We construct, in terms of two-and three-body Haldane pseudopotentials, a model Hamiltonian that can be solved exactly for both quasiholes and quasiparticles, and provide evidence of non-Abelian statistics for the latter as well. The structure of the quasiparticle states of this model is in agreement with that predicted by the bipartite composite-fermion model of quasiparticles. We further demonstrate, for systems for which exact diagonalization is possible, adiabatic continuity for the ground state, the ordinary neutral excitation, and the topological exciton as we deform our model Hamiltonian continuously into the lowest Landau-level VˆPf Hamiltonian.