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  1. ; ; ; ; ( , Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences)

    The accelerating pace of emerging zoonotic diseases in the twenty-first century has motivated cross-disciplinary collaboration on One Health approaches, combining microbiology, veterinary and environmental sciences, and epidemiology for outbreak prevention and mitigation. Such outbreaks are often caused by spillovers attributed to human activities that encroach on wildlife habitats and ecosystems, such as land use change, industrialized food production, urbanization and animal trade. While the origin of anthropogenic effects on animal ecology and biogeography can be traced to the Late Pleistocene, the archaeological record—a long-term archive of human–animal–environmental interactions—has largely been untapped in these One Health approaches, thus limiting our understanding of these dynamics over time. In this review, we examine how humans, as niche constructors, have facilitated new host species and ‘disease-scapes’ from the Late Pleistocene to the Anthropocene, by viewing zooarchaeological, bioarchaeological and palaeoecological data with a One Health perspective. We also highlight how new biomolecular tools and advances in the ‘-omics’ can be holistically coupled with archaeological and palaeoecological reconstructions in the service of studying zoonotic disease emergence and re-emergence.

     
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  2. ; ; ; ; ( , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
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  3. ; ; ; ; ; ( , American Journal of Physical Anthropology)
    Abstract Objectives

    To describe and interpret previously unreported marks on the dry cranium of an adult chimpanzee (Pan troglodytesverus) from Côte d'Ivoire at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History (USNM 450071).

     Materials and Methods

    All marks on the cranium were documented and assessed through physical examination of the specimen, photography, micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), and 3D laser scanning. Pits and punctures were measured with digital calipers for comparison with published carnivore tooth mark measurements.

     Results

    The cranium shows perimortem or postmortem damage to the temporal, occipital, and maxillary regions that is not recent. Size and color variation in the marks suggest two damage events, possibly involving chewing by different animals, at least one of which was a large‐bodied mammal. The 22 tooth pits and punctures (0.89–8.75 mm in maximum length and 0.88–6.63 mm in breadth) overlap in size with those inflicted by wild leopards, the most significant predators of common chimpanzees due to their largely overlapping ecological distributions.

     Conclusions

    Based on qualitative and quantitative evidence, we conclude that leopards are the most likely cause of the most prominent marks on the cranium. However, we cannot rule out the additional possibility of other chimpanzees, although there are no published studies of chimpanzee tooth marks for direct comparison. This study is the most extensive documentation to date of a modern adult chimpanzee skull exhibiting tooth marks by a large mammal, thus providing new evidence to help identify and interpret other events of predation and scavenging of large‐bodied apes in the modern and fossil records.

     
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  4. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ( , American Journal of Physical Anthropology)