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  1. Hermenegildo, Manuel; Morales, José (Ed.)
    Context-free language reachability is an important program analysis framework, but the exact analysis problems can be intractable or undecidable, where CFL-reachability approximates such problems. For the same problem, there could be many over-approximations based on different CFLs \(C_1,\ldots ,C_n\). Suppose the reachability result of each \(C_i\) produces a set \(P_i\) of reachable vertex pairs. Is it possible to achieve better precision than the straightforward intersection \(\bigcap _{i=1}^n P_i\)? This paper gives an affirmative answer: although CFLs are not closed under intersections, in CFL-reachability we can “intersect” graphs. Specifically, we propose mutual refinement to combine different CFL-reachability-based over-approximations. Our key insight is that the standard CFL-reachability algorithm can be slightly modified to trace the edges that contribute to the reachability results of \(C_1\), and \(C_2\)-reachability only need to consider contributing edges of \(C_1\), which can, in turn, trace the edges that contribute to \(C_2\)-reachability, etc. We prove that there exists a unique optimal refinement result (fix-point). Experimental results show that mutual refinement can achieve better precision than the straightforward intersection with reasonable extra cost. 
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