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Moroz, Leonid L. ; Romanova, Daria Y. ; Nikitin, Mikhail A. ; Sohn, Dosung ; Kohn, Andrea B. ; Neveu, Emilie ; Varoqueaux, Frederique ; Fasshauer, Dirk ( , Scientific Reports)
Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous gaseous messenger, but we know little about its early evolution. Here, we analyzed NO synthases (NOS) in four different species of placozoans—one of the early-branching animal lineages. In contrast to other invertebrates studied,
Trichoplax andHoilungia have three distinct NOS genes, including PDZ domain-containing NOS. Using ultra-sensitive capillary electrophoresis assays, we quantified nitrites (products of NO oxidation) andl -citrulline (co-product of NO synthesis froml -arginine), which were affected by NOS inhibitors confirming the presence of functional enzymes inTrichoplax . Using fluorescent single-molecule in situ hybridization, we showed that distinct NOSs are expressed in different subpopulations of cells, with a noticeable distribution close to the edge regions ofTrichoplax . These data suggest both the compartmentalized release of NO and a greater diversity of cell types in placozoans than anticipated. NO receptor machinery includes both canonical and novel NIT-domain containing soluble guanylate cyclases as putative NO/nitrite/nitrate sensors. Thus, althoughTrichoplax andHoilungia exemplify the morphologically simplest free-living animals, the complexity of NO-cGMP-mediated signaling in Placozoa is greater to those in vertebrates. This situation illuminates multiple lineage-specific diversifications of NOSs and NO/nitrite/nitrate sensors from the common ancestor of Metazoa and the preservation of conservative NOS architecture from prokaryotic ancestors. -
Romanova, Daria Y. ; Heyland, Andreas ; Sohn, Dosung ; Kohn, Andrea B. ; Fasshauer, Dirk ; Varoqueaux, Frederique ; Moroz, Leonid L. ( , NeuroReport)