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Abstract The discovery of systematic differences in the trace element composition of forsteritic olivines in primitive magmas from within-plate, arc and mid-ocean ridge volcanoes engendered much debate about a causal link to the recycling of oceanic crust into the mantle sources of within-plate and arc magmas. Here we address this problem using Cr-spinel bearing, forsteritic (~Fo80–91) olivines from high-Mg# = 50 = 73 [Mg# = molar ratio of Mg/(Mg + Fe2+)*100] arc magmas from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB). The TMVB arc front olivines have similar high Ni, low MnO, and low Mn/Fe as forsteritic olivines from within-plate basalts erupting through thick lithosphere (= WPB-thick). However, the olivines in TMVB arc front primary melts crystallize at much lower temperatures of $${T}_{\mathrm{cryst}}^{\mathrm{oliv}}$$~1119 ± 38 °C (calculated with olivine–spinel aluminum exchange thermometry) in hydrous (~4–9 wt % H2O), silicic, less magnesian (≤10 wt % MgO) mantle melts from mostly garnet-free mantle sources. Model calculations suggest that the primary arc front melts last equilibrated in the mantle at pressures of ~1.4 to ~1.9 GPa (~51–69 km depth) and low temperatures (Tsource = 1150 ± 45 °C) that are only slightly higher than the olivine crystallization temperatures. While the $${\mathrm{Kd}}_{\mathrm{oliv}/\mathrm{melt}}^{\mathrm{Ni}}$$ increases in the cooler and silicic melts, such modulation cannot account for the full range of Ni concentration in TMVB magmatic olivines. A small population of very high-Ni olivines (>4000–5500 μg/g Ni) is best explained by crystallization in Ni-rich components melt that formed by melt rock reaction processes in the mantle wedge. Unlike Ni, olivine MnO is not sensitive to melt temperature and only moderately to melt composition, and thus retains mantle source characteristics. In the TMVB, olivine Fo-MnO-Mn/Fe systematics record an ambient mantle wedge (= mantle without slab component) that is similar to WPB sources and that is variably depleted by slab flux-driven melt extraction. Overall, the olivine Fo-Ni-MnO systematics confirm with greater detail than possible by bulk rock studies that the TMVB primary melts are hydrous and silicic and originate from a mantle wedge that is strongly and variably modified by the slab flux. These results reaffirm a strong genetic link between slab recycling and the genesis of silicic arc magmas. 

Abstract The genesis of kimberlites is unclear despite the economic and scientific interest surrounding these diamond-bearing magmas. One critical question is whether they tap ancient, deep mantle domains or the shallow convecting mantle with partial melting triggered by plumes or plate tectonics. To address this question, we report the He-Ne-Ar isotopic compositions of magmatic fluids trapped in olivine from kimberlites worldwide. The kimberlites which have been least affected by addition of deeply subducted or metasomatic components have Ne isotopes less nucleogenic than the upper mantle, hence requiring a deep-mantle origin. This is corroborated by previous evidence of small negative W isotope anomalies and kimberlite location along age-progressive hot-spot tracks. The lack of strong primordial He isotope signatures indicates overprinting by lithospheric and crustal components, which suggests that Ne isotopes are more robust tracers of deep-mantle contributions in intraplate continental magmas. The most geochemically depleted kimberlites may preserve deep remnants of early-Earth heterogeneities. 

Abstract We investigated the state of the arc background mantle (i.e. mantle wedge without slab component) by means of olivine CaO and its Cr-spinel inclusions in a series of high-Mg# volcanic rocks from the Quaternary Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Olivine CaO was paired with the Cr# [molar Cr/(Cr + Al) *100] of Cr-spinel inclusions, and 337 olivine+Cr-spinel pairs were obtained from 33 calc-alkaline, high-K and OIB-type arc front volcanic rocks, and three monogenetic rear-arc basalts that lack subduction signatures. Olivine+Cr-spinels display coherent elemental and He–O isotopic systematics that contrast with the compositional diversity of the bulk rocks. All arc front olivines have low CaO (0.135 ± 0.029 wt %) relative to rear-arc olivines which have the higher CaO (0.248 ± 0.028 wt %) of olivines from mid-ocean ridge basalts. Olivine 3He/4He–δ18O isotope systematics confirm that the olivine+Cr-spinels are not, or negligibly, affected by crustal basement contamination, and thus preserve compositional characteristics of primary arc magmas. Variations in melt H2O contents in the arc front series and the decoupling of olivine CaO and Ni are inconsistent with controls on the olivine CaO by melt water and/or secondary mantle pyroxenites. Instead, we propose that low olivine CaO reflects the typical low melt CaO of high-Mg# arc magmas erupting through thick crust. We interpret the inverse correlation of olivine CaO and Cr-spinel Cr# over a broad range of Cr# (~10–70) as co-variations of CaO, Al and Cr of their (near) primary host melts, which derived from a mantle that has been variably depleted by slab-flux driven serial melt extraction. Our results obviate the need for advecting depleted residual mantle from rear- and back-arc region, but do not upset the larger underlying global variations of melt CaO high-Mg# arc magmas worldwide, despite leading to considerable regional variations of melt CaO at the arc front of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. 

Abstract The impact of late Cenozoic climate on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet is uncertain. Poorly constrained patterns of relative ice thinning and thickening impair the reconstruction of past ice-sheet dynamics and global sea-level budgets. Here we quantify long-term ice cover of mountains protruding the ice-sheet surface in western Dronning Maud Land, using cosmogenic Chlorine-36, Aluminium-26, Beryllium-10, and Neon-21 from bedrock in an inverse modeling approach. We find that near-coastal sites experienced ice burial up to 75–97% of time since 1 Ma, while interior sites only experienced brief periods of ice burial, generally <20% of time since 1 Ma. Based on these results, we suggest that the escarpment in Dronning Maud Land acts as a hinge-zone, where ice-dynamic changes driven by grounding-line migration are attenuated inland from the coastal portions of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, and where precipitation-controlled ice-thickness variations on the polar plateau taper off towards the coast.