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Multi-component materials are a new trend in catalyst development for electrochemical CO 2 reduction. Understanding and managing the chemical interactions within a complex catalyst structure may unlock new or improved reactivity, but is scientifically challenging. We report the first example of capping ligand-dependent metal–oxide interactions in Au/SnO 2 structures for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide capping on the Au nanoparticles enables bifunctional CO 2 reduction where CO is produced at more positive potentials and HCOO − at more negative potentials. With citrate capping or no capping, the Au–SnO 2 interactions steer the selectivity toward H 2 evolution at all potentials. Using electrochemical CO oxidation as a probe reaction, we further confirm that the metal–oxide interactions are strongly influenced by the capping ligand.more » « less