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Abstract Nanoscale chromatin domains have emerged as fundamental units of mammalian genome organization during interphase and mitosis. Single-molecule localization microscopy now enables their direct visualization, revealing conserved features including characteristic packing, enrichment of linker histones, and radial stratification of histone marks. These domains act as dynamic regulators of gene activity, remodel in response to developmental and environmental cues, and become disrupted in disease. Experimental findings and biophysical modelling point to internucleosomal interactions and epigenetic reactions as key drivers of their organization. By situating them alongside lamin- and nucleolus-associated domains, we propose a unified biophysical framework for genome organization across scales. Their recurrent disruption in aging and disease makes them compelling targets for diagnosis and intervention. 

We generated a high-quality draft genome assembly forNerium oleanderof approximately 447 Mb, comprising 269 contigs with a GC content of 33%. Genome annotation identified 33,243 protein-coding genes and 3,078 RNA features. Predicted functional annotation revealed identification of gene families associated with stress response and metal homeostasis, including pathways related to amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, ABC transporters, and NRAMP transporter families. In addition, genes putatively involved in secondary metabolism and phytohormone biosynthesis were identified, including those associated with salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, brassinosteroids, auxins, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid pathways, as well as metal-binding and detoxification-related compounds such as phytochelatins and metallothioneins. These results provide genomic evidence for a broad repertoire of stress-associated and metal-responsive pathways inN. oleander. The genome blueprint establishes a foundation for future transcriptomic and functional studies to validate gene expression and regulatory mechanisms under heavy metal and other abiotic stress conditions and supports its potential application in phytoremediation and stress tolerance research.