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  1. Abstract

    On-chip optical filters are fundamental components in optical signal processing. While rare-earth ion-doped crystals offer ultra-narrow optical filtering via spectral hole burning, their applications have primarily been limited to those using bulk crystals, restricting their utility. In this work, we demonstrate cavity-enhanced spectral filtering based on rare-earth ions in an integrated nonlinear optical platform. We incorporate rare-earth ions into high quality-factor ring resonators patterned in thin-film lithium niobate. By spectral hole burning at 4 K in a critically coupled resonance mode, we achieve bandpass filters ranging from 7 MHz linewidth, with 13.0 dB of extinction, to 24 MHz linewidth, with 20.4 dB of extinction. By reducing the temperature to 100 mK to eliminate phonon broadening, we achieve an even narrower linewidth of 681 kHz, which is comparable to the narrowest filter linewidth demonstrated in an integrated photonic device, while only requiring a small device footprint. Moreover, the cavity enables reconfigurable filtering by varying the cavity coupling rate. For instance, as opposed to the bandpass filter, we demonstrate a bandstop filter utilizing an under-coupled ring resonator. Such versatile integrated spectral filters with high extinction ratio and narrow linewidth could serve as fundamental components for optical signal processing and optical memories on-a-chip.

     
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  2. Photonics provide an efficient way to implement quantum walks, the quantum analog of classical random walks, which demonstrate rich physics with potential applications. However, most photonic quantum walks do not involve photon interactions, which limits their potential to explore strongly correlated many-body physics of light. We propose a strongly interacting discrete-time photonic quantum walk using a network of single atom beamsplitters. We calculate output statistics of the quantum walk for the case of two photons, which reveals the strongly correlated transport of photons. Particularly, the walk can exhibit either bosonlike or fermionlike statistics which is tunable by postselecting the two-photon detection time interval. Also, the walk can sort different types of two-photon bound states into distinct pairs of output ports under certain conditions. These unique phenomena show that our quantum walk is an intriguing platform to explore strongly correlated quantum many-body states of light. Finally, we propose an experimental realization based on time-multiplexed synthetic dimensions. 
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    Free, publicly-accessible full text available March 6, 2025
  3. Abstract

    Controlling large-scale many-body quantum systems at the level of single photons and single atomic systems is a central goal in quantum information science and technology. Intensive research and development has propelled foundry-based silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits to a leading platform for large-scale optical control with individual mode programmability. However, integrating atomic quantum systems with single-emitter tunability remains an open challenge. Here, we overcome this barrier through the hybrid integration of multiple InAs/InP microchiplets containing high-brightness infrared semiconductor quantum dot single photon emitters into advanced silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits fabricated in a 300 mm foundry process. With this platform, we achieve single-photon emission via resonance fluorescence and scalable emission wavelength tunability. The combined control of photonic and quantum systems opens the door to programmable quantum information processors manufactured in leading semiconductor foundries.

     
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  4. Directing indistinguishable photons from one input port into separate output ports is a fundamental operation in quantum information processing. The simplest scheme for achieving routing beyond random chance uses the photon blockade effect of a two-level emitter. But this approach is limited by a time-energy uncertainty relation. We show that a linear optical unitary transformation applied after the atom enables splitting efficiencies that exceed this time-energy limit. We show that the linear optical unitary improves the splitting efficiency from 67% to 82% for unentangled photon inputs, and from 77% to 90% for entangled photon inputs. We then optimize the temporal mode profile of the entangled photon wave function to attain the optimal splitting efficiency of 92%, a significant improvement over previous limits derived using a two-level atom alone. These results provide a path towards optimizing single photon nonlinearities and engineering programmable and robust photon-photon interactions for practical, high-fidelity quantum operations. 
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  5. We study the problem of measuring errors in non-trace-preserving quantum operations, with a focus on their impact on quantum computing. We propose an error metric that efficiently provides an upper bound on the trace distance between the normalized output states from imperfect and ideal operations, while remaining compatible with the diamond distance. As a demonstration of its application, we apply our metric in the analysis of a lossy beam splitter and a nondeterministic conditional sign-flip gate, two primary non-trace-preserving operations in the Knill-Laflamme-Milburn protocol. We then turn to the leakage errors of neutral-atom quantum computers, finding that these errors scale worse than previously anticipated, implying a more stringent fault-tolerant threshold. We also assess the quantum Zeno gate's error using our metric. In a broader context, we discuss the potential of our metric to analyze general postselected protocols, where it can be employed to study error propagation and estimate thresholds in fault-tolerant quantum computing. The results highlight the critical role of our proposed error metric in understanding and addressing challenges in practical quantum information processing. 
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  6. The heterogeneous integration of silicon with III-V materials provides a way to overcome silicon’s limited optical properties toward a broad range of photonic applications. Hybrid modes are a promising way to integrate such heterogeneous Si/III-V devices, but it remains unclear how to utilize these modes to achieve photonic crystal cavities. Herein, using 3D finite-difference time-domain simulations, we propose a hybrid Si-GaAs photonic crystal cavity design that operates at telecom wavelengths and can be fabricated without requiring careful alignment. The hybrid cavity consists of a patterned silicon waveguide that is coupled to a wider GaAs slab featuring InAs quantum dots. We show that by changing the width of the silicon cavity waveguide, we can engineer the hybrid modes and control the degree of coupling to the active material in the GaAs slab. This provides the ability to tune the cavity quality factor while balancing the device’s optical gain and nonlinearity. With this design, we demonstrate cavity mode confinement in the GaAs slab without directly patterning it, enabling strong interaction with the embedded quantum dots for applications such as low-power-threshold lasing and optical bistability (156 nW and 18.1µW, respectively). This heterogeneous integration of an active III-V material with silicon via a hybrid cavity design suggests a promising approach for achieving on-chip light generation and low-power nonlinear platforms.

     
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