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  1. Abstract

    We observed two Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) in Uchinada, Japan associated with negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes exactly 1 year apart on 18 December 2020 and 2021. The events were remarkable for their lateral distance from the associated strokes—each about 5 km away from the detector site. Not only was that lateral distance remarkable on its own for a ground based detection, but the low‐altitude profile of winter thunderstorms in Japan would suggest the detections occurred at unprecedented nadir angles—73.3° off axis for the 2020 event with the standard assumption of a vertically oriented TGF. Unsurprisingly, Monte Carlo simulations of the straightforward interpretation of these events yield fluences 2 orders of magnitude lower than observed data. We investigate a variety of ways to attempt to resolve the contradiction between expected and observed behavior.

     
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