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Hydrogen is a rapidly diffusing monovalent cation in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs, such as olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene), which is potentially re-equilibrated during silicate melt-rock and aqueous fluid-rock interactions in massif and abyssal peridotites. We apply a 3D numerical diffusion modeling technique to provide first-order timescales of complete hydrogen re-equilibration in olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene over the temperature range 600-1200°C. Model crystals are 1-3 mm along the c-axis and utilize H+ diffusion coefficients appropriate for Fe-bearing systems. Two sets of models were run with different boundary compositions: 1) “low-H models” are constrained by mineral-melt equilibrium partitioning with a basaltic melt that has 0.75 wt% H2O and 2) “high-H models,” which utilize the upper end of the estimated range of mantle water solubility for each phase. Both sets of models yield re-equilibration timescales that are identical and are fast for all phases at a given temperature. These timescales have strong log-linear trends as a function of temperature (R2 from 0.97 to 0.99) that can be used to calculate expected re-equilibration time at a given temperature and grain size. At the high end of the model temperatures (1000-1200°C), H+ completely re-equilibrates in olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene within minutes to hours, consistent withmore »previous studies. These short timescales indicate that xenolith NAM mantle water contents are likely to be overprinted prior to eruption. The models also resolve the decoupled water-trace element relationship in Southwest Indian Ridge peridotites, in which peridotite REE abundances are reproduced by partial melting models whereas the relatively high NAM H2O contents require later re-equilibration with melt. At temperatures of 600-800°C, which correspond to conditions of hydrothermal alteration of pyroxene to amphibole and talc, H+ re-equilibration typically occurs over a range of timescales spanning days to years. These durations are well within existing estimates for the duration of fluid flow in oceanic hydrothermal systems, suggesting that peridotite NAM water contents are susceptible to diffusive overprinting during higher temperature hydrothermal alteration. Thus, diffusion during aqueous fluid-rock interactions may also explain NAM H2O contents that are too high to reflect residues of melting. These relatively short timescales at low temperatures suggest that the origin of water contents measured in peridotite NAMs requires additional constraints on sample petrogenesis, including petrographic and trace element analyses. Our 3D model results also hint that H+ may diffuse appreciably during peridotite serpentinization, but diffusion coefficients at low temperature are unconstrained and additional experimental investigations are needed.« less

Abstract In most eukaryotes, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are one of the very few classes of genes remaining in the mitochondrial genome, but some mitochondria have lost these vestiges of their prokaryotic ancestry. Sequencing of mitogenomes from the flowering plant genus Silene previously revealed a large range in tRNA gene content, suggesting rapid and ongoing gene loss/replacement. Here, we use this system to test longstanding hypotheses about how mitochondrial tRNA genes are replaced by importing nuclear-encoded tRNAs. We traced the evolutionary history of these gene loss events by sequencing mitochondrial genomes from key outgroups (Agrostemma githago and Silene [=Lychnis] chalcedonica). We then performed the first global sequencing of purified plant mitochondrial tRNA populations to characterize the expression of mitochondrial-encoded tRNAs and the identity of imported nuclear-encoded tRNAs. We also confirmed the utility of high-throughput sequencing methods for the detection of tRNA import by sequencing mitochondrial tRNA populations in a species (Solanum tuberosum) with known tRNA trafficking patterns. Mitochondrial tRNA sequencing in Silene revealed substantial shifts in the abundance of some nuclear-encoded tRNAs in conjunction with their recent history of mt-tRNA gene loss and surprising cases where tRNAs with anticodons still encoded in the mitochondrial genome also appeared to be imported. Thesemore »data suggest that nuclear-encoded counterparts are likely replacing mitochondrial tRNAs even in systems with recent mitochondrial tRNA gene loss, and the redundant import of a nuclear-encoded tRNA may provide a mechanism for functional replacement between translation systems separated by billions of years of evolutionary divergence.« less