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The June 2023 Halema‘uma‘u eruption began on June 7 and ended on June 19 (~2 weeks; Mulliken et al. 2024). Field crews from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Hawaiian Volcano Observatory collected frothy pumice clasts from initial high fountaining on 7 June 2023 from accessible regions southwest of Kaluapele (Kīlauea’s summit caldera). Samples were collected from within a publicly closed area of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park in cooperation with the National Park Service. These pumices are air-quenched (naturally cooled). This data release provides olivine core and rim spot analyses from electron microprobe analytical work. The analyses were done on olivine crystals 0.5-2.0 mm in size picked from sample KS23-590, the pumice clasts erupted on 7 June 2023 (see Lynn et al. 2024 for additional sample and compositional information).  Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., Chang, J.M., Lundblad, S.P., Mills, P.R., McDade, B., Gansecki, C.A., Schmith, J., Decker, M.F.I., Zoeller, M.H., Deligne, N.I., Trusdell, F.A., Carr, B.B., Patrick, M.P., Parcheta, C., Nalesnik, A., Dietterich, H., Hazlett, R., Johnson, P.A., Gallant, E., Mulliken, K., Nadeau, P., Cappos, M., DeSmither, L., Peek, S., Damby, D., Dotray, P., van Helden, K., Shea, T., Hammer, J.E., Mourey, A., Loewen, M. (2024) Sample details and compositional data collected during the 2020-2023 Halema‘uma‘u eruptions of Kīlauea volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1XFKKYH Mulliken, K.M., Kauahikaua, J.P., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H. (2024) Chronology of recent volcanic activity on the Island of Hawai‘i, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9V3NQYB.   

Supplemental material for publication: Winslow, H., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., Lerner, A., Andersen, N., Nalesnik, A., Trusdell, F. “Utilizing crystal records to determine the underlying architecture and timescales of magmatic processes during the 2022 Mauna Loa eruption” (2025) Bulletin of Volcanology. The supplemental material consists of mineral chemistry (pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine) collected via scanning electron microscopy with energy˗dispersive spectroscopy (SEM˗EDS) at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, WA. Additional mineral (pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine) and glass chemistry were collected via electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) at the U.S. Geological Survey’s California Volcano Observatory in Moffett Field, CA. Melt inclusion chemistry and barometry using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were conducted at the U.S. Geological Survey’s Cascades Volcano Observatory. Fe-Mg diffusion chronometry was conducted on three orthopyroxene populations to estimate pre- and syn-eruptive timescales. Diffusion chronometry is paired with melt inclusion barometry datasets to provide a robust understanding of pre-eruptive processes in both time and space. All data is from the 2022 Mauna Loa, HI eruption. Winslow, H., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., Lerner, A., Andersen, N., Nalesnik, A., Trusdell, F. “Utilizing crystal records to determine the underlying architecture and timescales of magmatic processes during the 2022 Mauna Loa eruption” (2025, in review, Bulletin of Volcanology) 

SUMMARY The 2011–2012 eruption at Cordón Caulle in Chile produced crystal-poor rhyolitic magma with crystal-rich mafic enclaves whose interstitial glass is of identical composition to the host rhyolite. Eruptible rhyolites are thought to be genetically associated with crystal-rich magma mushes, and the enclaves within the Cordón Caulle rhyolite support the existence of a magma mush from which the erupted magma was derived. Moreover, towards the end of the 2011–2012 eruption, subsidence gave way to inflation that has on average been continuous through at least 2020. We hypothesize that magma segregation from a crystal mush could be the source of the observed inflation. Conceptually, magma withdrawal from a crystal-poor rhyolite reservoir caused its depressurization, which could have led to upward flow of interstitial melt within an underlying crystal mush, causing a new batch of magma to segregate and partially recharge the crystal-poor rhyolite body. Because the compressibility of the crystalline matrix of the mush is expected to be lower than that of the interstitial melt, which likely contains some fraction of volatile bubbles, this redistribution of melt would result in a net increase in volume of the system and in the observed inflation. We use numerical modelling of subsurface magma flow and storage to show under which conditions such a scenario is supported by geodetic and petrologic observations. 

Abstract Two distinct types of rare crystal-rich mafic enclaves have been identified in the rhyolite lava flow from the 2011–12 Cordón Caulle eruption (Southern Andean Volcanic Zone, SVZ). The majority of mafic enclaves are coarsely crystalline with interlocking olivine-clinopyroxene-plagioclase textures and irregular shaped vesicles filling the crystal framework. These enclaves are interpreted as pieces of crystal-rich magma mush underlying a crystal-poor rhyolitic magma body that has fed recent silicic eruptions at Cordón Caulle. A second type of porphyritic enclaves, with restricted mineral chemistry and spherical vesicles, represents small-volume injections into the rhyolite magma. Both types of enclaves are basaltic end-members (up to 9.3 wt% MgO and 50–53 wt% SiO 2 ) in comparison to enclaves erupted globally. The Cordón Caulle enclaves also have one of the largest compositional gaps on record between the basaltic enclaves and the rhyolite host at 17 wt% SiO 2 . Interstitial melt in the coarsely-crystalline enclaves is compositionally identical to their rhyolitic host, suggesting that the crystal-poor rhyolite magma was derived directly from the underlying basaltic magma mush through efficient melt extraction. We suggest the 2011–12 rhyolitic eruption was generated from a primitive basaltic crystal-rich mush that short-circuited the typical full range of magmatic differentiation in a single step.