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  1. Cosmogenic-nuclide concentrations in subglacial bedrock cores show that theWest Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) at a site between Thwaites and Pope glaciers was at least 35m thinner than present in the past several thousand years and then subsequently thickened. This is important because of concern that present thinning and grounding line retreat at these and nearby glaciers in the Amundsen Sea Embayment may irreversibly lead to deglaciation of significant portions of the WAIS, with decimeter- to meter-scale sea level rise within decades to centuries. A past episode of ice sheet thinning that took place in a similar, although not identical, climate was not irreversible.We propose that the past thinning– thickening cycle was due to a glacioisostatic rebound feedback, similar to that invoked as a possible stabilizing mechanism for current grounding line retreat, in which isostatic uplift caused by Early Holocene thinning led to relative sea level fall favoring grounding line advance. 
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  2. Augmented Reality (AR) headsets are being employed in industrial settings (e.g., the oil industry); however, there has been little work on how information should be presented in these headsets, especially in the context of situational awareness. We present a study examining three different presentation styles (Display, Environment, Mixed Environment) for textual secondary information in AR headsets. We found that the Display and Environment presentation styles assisted in perception and comprehension. Our work contributes a first step to understanding how to design visual information in AR headsets to support situational awareness. 
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  3. Mode switching allows applications to support a wide range of operations (e.g. selection, manipulation, and navigation) using a limited input space. While the performance of different mode switching techniques has been extensively examined for pen- and touch-based interfaces, investigating mode switching in augmented reality (AR) is still relatively new. Prior work found that using non-preferred hand is an efficient mode switching technique in AR. However, it is unclear how the technique performs when increasing the number of modes, which is more indicative of real-world applications. Therefore, we examined the scalability of non-preferred hand mode switching in AR with two, four, six, and eight modes. We found that as the number of modes increase, performance plateaus after the four-mode condition. We also found that counting gestures have varying effects on mode switching performance in AR. Our findings suggest that modeling mode switching performance in AR is more complex than simply counting the number of available modes. Our work lays a foundation for understanding the costs associated with scaling interaction techniques in AR. 
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  4. Fitts’ law has accurately modeled both children’s and adults’ pointing movements, but it is not as precise for modeling movement to small targets. To address this issue, prior work presented FFitts’ law, which is more exact than Fitts’ law for modeling adults’ finger input on touchscreens. Since children’s touch interactions are more variable than adults, it is unclear if FFitts’ law should be applied to children. We conducted a 2D target acquisition task with 54 children (ages 5-10) to examine if FFitts’ law can accurately model children’s touchscreen movement time. We found that Fitts’ law using nominal target widths is more accurate, with a R2 value of 0.93, than FFitts’ law for modeling children’s finger input on touchscreens. Our work contributes new understanding of how to accurately predict children’s finger touch performance on touchscreens. 
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