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AbstractWith the development of cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-based adsorbents, the influence of particle size on adsorption capability has become increasingly recognized. In this study, endoglucanase FiberCare® was utilized to decrease fibril size of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TCNFs) without changing carboxyl groups content of the resulting TCNFs. Average fibril length decreased by 27.3% (from 508.7 nm to 369.4 nm) after enzymatic hydrolysis for 12 h and further decreased by 35.4% (to 328.2 nm) after 24 h. Meanwhile, the average fibril diameter decreased 20.2% (from 56.8±16.3 to 45.3±14.3) after 12 h of hydrolysis, further reduced by 32.6% (to 38.3±13.1 nm) after 24 h. Carboxyl group content remained unchanged. Zeta potential of the TCNFs was increased by 5.5 mV after 24 h hydrolysis due to the exposure of more hydroxyl groups as fibril size decreases. TCNF hydrogel (from 12 h hydrolyzed) showed 20.3% increase in adsorption of cationic methylene blue dyes (from 64 mg/g to 77 mg/g) compared to untreated samples. However, further fibril size reduction after 24 h hydrolysis did not improve adsorption capability. Kinetic analysis using pseudo-second-order kinetic model and intra-particle diffusion model revealed no change in the adsorption mechanism, though the overall adsorption rate increased. This study highlights that reducing fibril size can enhance both adsorption capacity and rate, offering guidance for the design of CNF-based adsorbents. Graphical Abstract 

The global warmth of the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO, ~15 Ma) offers valuable insights into warm climate dynamics and future climate change, providing a real-world testbed for validating climate models. However, it remains unclear how warm the MCO was given the scarcity and uncertainties of surface temperature proxy records. Three iCESM1.3 long simulations are constructed to estimate the Miocene global mean surface temperature (GMST). The three simulations included: preindustrial (PI), 1.5x CO2, 3x CO2. Each simulation case includes long time series files with a monthly temporal resolution and a NE16 G16 spatial resolution (~2 degree atmosphere and ~1 degree ocean), covering the last 100 model years of the global climate fields.