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The Black Soldier Fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, represents a sustainable source of protein by converting organic waste into valuable products. BSF production requires minimal resources compared to traditional livestock and generates significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions (about 0.017 kg CO₂-eq per kg protein versus 57–500 kg CO₂-eq per kg protein for livestock). Diverting 1 % of global food waste to BSF production could yield an estimated 332,000 metric tonnes of protein annually and 1 million metric tonnes of organic fertilizer. This paper explores the economic, environmental, and operational dimensions of BSF production, focusing on supply chain strategies that optimize scalability and sustainability. Analyzing configurations such as vertical integration, distributed systems, and nucleus-plasma models, it identifies critical factors shaping supply chain design and environmental impacts. The findings emphasize the importance of supportive regulations, continued research investment, and strategic supply chain development. 

Circular bioeconomy employs advanced life science technologies to utilize renewable natural resources to produce goods and is a key part of the sustainable development strategy. Most circular-bioeconomy supply chains, however, are still in their infancy. We propose a conceptual model that characterizes the farm decision to adopt the circular use of agricultural residues such as animal waste and corn stover. The model highlights the complementarity between farm outputs and the residue and pins down key determinants of adoption. We illustrate how the economic forces work by examining two budding circular-bioeconomy supply chains—biochar and black soldier fly.