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  1. Abstract

    Achieving facile nucleation of noble metal films through atomic layer deposition (ALD) is extremely challenging. To this end, η4‐2,3‐dimethylbutadiene ruthenium(0)tricarbonyl (Ru(DMBD)(CO)3), a zero‐valent complex, has recently been reported to achieve good nucleation by ALD at relatively low temperatures and mild reaction conditions. The authors study the growth mechanism of this precursor by in situ quartz‐crystal microbalance and quadrupole mass spectrometry during Ru ALD, complemented by ex situ film characterization and kinetic modeling. These studies reveal that Ru(DMBD)(CO)3produces high‐quality Ru films with excellent nucleation properties. This results in smooth, coalesced films even at low film thicknesses, all important traits for device applications. However, Ru deposition follows a kinetically limited decarbonylation reaction scheme, akin to typical chemical vapor deposition processes, with a strong dependence on both temperature and reaction timescale. The non‐self‐limiting nature of the kinetically driven mechanism presents both challenges for ALD implementation and opportunities for process tuning. By surveying reports of similar precursors, it is suggested that the findings can be generalized to the broader class of zero‐oxidation state carbonyl‐based precursors used in thermal ALD, with insight into the design of effective saturation studies.

     
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  3. Abstract

    The practical implementation of Li metal batteries is hindered by difficulties in controlling the Li metal plating microstructure. While previous atomic layer deposition (ALD) studies have focused on directly coating Li metal with thin films for the passivation of the electrode–electrolyte interface, a different approach is adopted, situating the ALD film beneath Li metal and directly on the copper current collector. A mechanistic explanation for this simple strategy of controlling the Li metal plating microstructure using TiO2grown on copper foil by ALD is presented. In contrast to previous studies where ALD‐grown layers act as artificial interphases, this TiO2layer resides at the copper–Li metal interface, acting as a nucleation layer to improve the Li metal plating morphology. Upon lithiation of TiO2, a LixTiO2complex forms; this alloy provides a lithiophilic surface layer that enables uniform and reversible Li plating. The reversibility of lithium deposition is evident from the champion cell (5 nm TiO2), which displays an average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 96% after 150 cycles at a moderate current density of 1 mA cm−2. This simple approach provides the first account of the mechanism of ALD‐derived Li nucleation control and suggests new possibilities for future ALD‐synthesized nucleation layers.

     
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