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  1. Abstract

    Physics labs provide a unique opportunity for students to grow their physics identity and science identity in general since they provide students with an opportunity to tinker with experiments and analyze data in a low-stakes environment. However, it is important to ensure that all students are benefiting from the labs equally and have a positive growth trajectory. Through interviews and reflexive ethnographic observations, we identify and analyze two common modes of work that may disadvantage female students in introductory physics labs. Students who adopt the Secretary archetype are relegated to recording and analyzing data, and thus may miss out on much of the opportunity to grow their physics and science identities by engaging fully in the experimental work. Meanwhile, students in the Hermione archetype shoulder a disproportionate amount of managerial work, and also may not get an adequate opportunity to engage with different aspects of the experimental work that is essential for helping them develop their physics and science identities. We use a physics identity framework to investigate how students under these modes of work may experience stunted growth in their physics and science identity trajectories in their physics lab course. This stunted growth can then perpetuate and reinforce societal stereotypes and biases about who does physics. Our categorization not only gives a vocabulary to discussions about equity in the physics lab, but may also serve as a useful touchstone for those who seek to center equity in efforts to transform physics instruction.

     
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  2. Design and construction errors and material deterioration can lead to concrete elements being subjected to high levels of sustained stress well exceeding typical service levels. These high levels of sustained stress have led to structural collapses in the United States and around the world. However, the performance of shear-controlled concrete elements (beams and slab-column connections) under high sustained stress is not well understood. Under high sustained compressive stress (greater than 0.75fc’) concrete will suffer tertiary creep characterized by accelerated permanent strain, leading eventually to a failure. The bond of the reinforcing bars to the concrete is also affected leading to slip. This research presents the results of experimental tests on shear-controlled RC beams that were loaded to 81, 86, and 92 percent of their short-term capacity and observed for about four weeks. Deflection and strain measurements were recorded for each specimen throughout the sustained load test. Under high sustained stress the specimens showed continued deflection with time, with most of the deflection occurring shortly after the application of load. The failure of the specimens exhibited more flexural response than that of the control specimen. The test results show that high levels of sustained stress (up to 92% of their short-term capacity) can be sustained for a prolonged time; however, the deflections and cracking are increased and the ultimate failure mode may be changed. This information will help engineers identify elements nearing failure under high levels of sustained stress. 
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