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  1. Proteins and nucleic acids participate in essentially every biochemical process in living organisms, and the elucidation of their structure and motions is essential for our understanding how these molecular machines perform their function. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful versatile technique that provides critical information on the molecular structure and dynamics. Spin-relaxation data are used to determine the overall rotational diffusion and local motions of biological macromolecules, while residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) reveal local and long-range structural architecture of these molecules and their complexes. This information allows researchers to refine structures of proteins and nucleic acids and provides restraints for molecular docking. Several software packages have been developed by NMR researchers in order to tackle the complicated experimental data analysis and structure modeling. However, many of them are offline packages or command-line applications that require users to set up the run time environment and also to possess certain programming skills, which inevitably limits accessibility of this software to a broad scientific community. Here we present new science gateways designed for NMR/structural biology community that address these current limitations in NMR data analysis. Using the GenApp technology for scientific gateways (https://genapp.rocks), we successfully transformed ROTDIF and ALTENS, two offline packages for bio-NMR data analysis, into science gateways that provide advanced computational functionalities, cloud-based data management, and interactive 2D and 3D plotting and visualizations. Furthermore, these gateways are integrated with molecular structure visualization tools (Jmol) and with gateways/engines (SASSIE-web) capable of generating huge computer-simulated structural ensembles of proteins and nucleic acids. This enables researchers to seamlessly incorporate conformational ensembles into the analysis in order to adequately take into account structural heterogeneity and dynamic nature of biological macromolecules. ROTDIF-web offers a versatile set of integrated modules/tools for determining and predicting molecular rotational diffusion tensors and model-free characterization of bond dynamics in biomacromolecules and for docking of molecular complexes driven by the information extracted from NMR relaxation data. ALTENS allows characterization of the molecular alignment under anisotropic conditions, which enables researchers to obtain accurate local and long-range bond-vector restraints for refining 3-D structures of macromolecules and their complexes. We will describe our experience bringing our programs into GenApp and illustrate the use of these gateways for specific examples of protein systems of high biological significance. We expect these gateways to be useful to structural biologists and biophysicists as well as NMR community and to stimulate other researchers to share their scientific software in a similar way. 
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  2. The scattering of neutrons can be used to provide information on the structure and dynamics of biological systems on multiple length and time scales. Pursuant to a National Science Foundation-funded workshop in February 2018, recent developments in this field are reviewed here, as well as future prospects that can be expected given recent advances in sources, instrumentation and computational power and methods. Crystallography, solution scattering, dynamics, membranes, labeling and imaging are examined. For the extraction of maximum information, the incorporation of judicious specific deuterium labeling, the integration of several types of experiment, and interpretation using high-performance computer simulation models are often found to be particularly powerful. 
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